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Introduction Cruise missile is a type of guided missile. Cruise missiles differ from ballistic missiles in that they fly towards their target at lower altitudes, remaining within the Earth’s atmosphere throughout their trajectory. Cruise missiles are typically armed with conventional or nuclear warheads, but can also be equipped with chemical or biological warheads. In this article you can read about cruise missile of India & China. BrahMos The BrahMos (PJ-10) is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroyeniya and Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. BrahMos is the world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation. The land-launched, Air-launched and ship-launched versions are already in service. Compared to existing state of the art subsonic cruise missiles BrahMos Has
Special Features
Currently BrahMos Aerospace is looking at upgrading the current BrahMos engine from 3 to 5 Mach. Scientists are trying to develop a supersonic-hypersonic engine. For that BrahMos aerospace want to do the thermal management with some kind of coatings on different components so that they can withstand high temperature. This will make current BrahMos supersonic Missile into a mach 5 hypersonic cruise Missile.  Land based BrahMos Land based weapon complex comprises of four to six Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL) controlled by a Command Post (MCP), and a Mobile Replenishment Vehicle (MRV). MAL is an autonomous vehicle with its own communication, power supply and fire control system. Three BrahMos missiles placed in three independent containers are installed on the MAL. Land based system is also equipped with Inertial Navigation System and Global Positioning System. . The advanced seeker of BrahMos is unique which helps it to hit targets, which are insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology. BrahMos became the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing an edge to the user with precise hit. Special Features
Indian army inducted the land attack Block-1 variant from 2007. The advanced Block-2 variant of the missile with supersonic steep dive and target discrimination capabilities has also inducted. Block III has advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude. The steep dive capability of the Block III enables it to hit targets hidden behind a mountain range. It was deployed in Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh. It can engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 meters for surgical strikes without any collateral damage. Mobile Autonomous Launcher (MAL) is the state of the art land based weapon complex. It consist of three missiles in ready to launch configuration housed in containers, most modern means of communications, radar receivers for target information and an ultra advanced Fire Control system for coordinating the launch. The launcher is built on an all terrain TATRA vehicle. The missiles can be launched in single or salvo of 2 to 3 seconds within four minute of receiving command, depending on the commanders input, it can fire toward a single or three different targets. The containers maintain thermal conditioning of the canisters and ensure the interface with the launch beam. While being transported, these containers are carried in horizontal position. The canister is brought to vertical position through the operation of a hydraulic system. The MAL consists of a 40kVA diesel driven generator to maintain power supply. Besides a single phase UPS with battery backup of 15 Minutes is fitted in the vehicle. Launcher also has various communication equipments, each operating in different frequency bands. The launcher control system LCS functions in coordination with fire control system and communication system. The MAL has a fully protected equipment cabin from where operations could be carried out in case of Nuclear Biological chemical Attack. It also has a containerized power supply system. In a group of four the Mobile autonomous Launchers are controlled by Mobile Command Post. The MCP provides telemetry and target data with instruction to each Mal for engaging specific targets or single target. The command post assists in integrating the MAL into the network centric battlefield area. It is equipped with all modern types of communication systems. Submarine launched BrahMos BrahMos missile is capable of being launched from submarine from a depth of 40 – 50 meters. The missile can be installed in a modular launcher vertically in the pressure hull of the submarine. The missile has identical configuration similar to the ship based system. The canistered missile launch vertically, the nose cap prevents water from entering the air intake during the underwater flight. Once the missile emerges from the water, the sensors provide out of water command and the nose cap is fired for turning the missile in the desired direction to hit the target. Submarine version of BrahMos is fully ready but there is no public information about the induction of Sub Launched BrahMos. In late January 2016, Russia confirmed that future Indian-made submarines would be armed with smaller version of the missile that could fit inside a torpedo tube.  Air launched BrahMos (BrahMos A) The BrahMos-A is a modified air-launched variant of the missile. BrahMos A has a range of 500 km which can be launched from a Sukhoi Su-30MKI as a standoff weapon. BrahMos A can be released from the height of 500 to 14,000 meters. After release, the missile free falls for 100–150 meters then goes into a cruise phase at 14,000 meters and finally the terminal phase at 15 meters. 40 IAF SU-30MKI are to undergo modifications to be equipped to carry the missile. Sukhoi had integrated with the world’s largest airborne launcher for BrahMos A. On 20 January 2020, the IAF commissioned its first squadron of Su-30MKI fighters equipped with the PJ-10 BrahMos-A missile. The IAF is expected to procure at least 200 air-launched BrahMos.  BrahMos Costal defense On August 8 2019 Indian MoD cleared the procurement of an unknown number of Next Generation Maritime Mobile Coastal Batteries that would (NGMMCB) be fitted with supersonic BrahMos surface-to-surface cruise missile. The DAC did not reveal an induction schedule or where the new weapons systems will be deployed. According to IHS Jane’s, the NGMMCBs could be stationed at INS Trata, a missile battery base of the Indian Navy at Mumbai. The land-based BrahMos missiles will be an anti-ship missile fired from a land-based mobile autonomous launcher and, thus, a hybrid of the naval and Army variants. The missiles will get targeting inputs from Scanter radars. The radars can track multiple simultaneous air and surface targets up to a range of 170 km. One radar can cover up to 98,000 sq km of situational awareness. Each BrahMos NGMMCB will comprise a single command post, two radar units and two firing units with three anti-ship missiles each. Each battery will also have a reconnaissance vehicle and two vehicles carrying Man-Portable Air Defense Missile Systems (MANPADs) to provide short-range defense against aerial targets. The systems will be delivered within two years from the date of orders being placed. Extended Range BrahMos India Joined the 34 nation Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in June 2016. Which helped India to extend the range of BrahMos up to 800Km After that India successfully tested Extended range BrahMos several times , the most recent test was on 30 September 2020, where India successfully test-fired an extended range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile up to 400Km. Specifications Mass : 3000kg, 2500Kg (air launched) Range : Up to 800 Km, 500Km (Air Launched) Guidance : INS (Mid course), Active radar Homing + G3OM (Terminal) Sea skimming : 3-4m Warhead : 200Kg (Semi armor piercing/ Nuclear), 300Kg (Air Launched) Prolusion : Solid rocket booster + Liquid Fuel Ramjet Speed : Mach 3, BrahMos ER Mach 3 - 4 CEP : 1m Variants Surface-launched, Block I
Surface-launched, upgraded variants
Air-launched
Submarine-launched
BrahMos NG BrahMos NG (next generation) - is a new lighter variant of the current BrahMos. The feasibility studies and engineering analysis are over. BrahMos NG can perfectly integrate into LCA, LCA MK-II & AMCA. BrahMos-NG will be ready in the next four years. The weight of the missile will be slashed from 3000 kg to around 1600 kg. The BrahMos NG will also be 3 meter shorter than the 9-metre long BrahMos. BrahMos-NG will have lesser RCS and will have more advance electronic countermeasures. BrahMos-NG will be compatible for launches through ground launch vehicles, naval assets, submarines torpedo tubes and air launch as well. LCA Tejas and Mig 29K will carry 2 BrahMos NG.SU30mki and Rafale? will be able to carry 5 BrahMos NG. This will significantly increase the firepower of Indian Air force and navy. BrahMos air to air missile BrahMos aerospace is planning to develop the air-to-air version of BrahMos NG with anti-AWACS capability. The range can be in excess of 400-500 km and the first test will be sometime in the near future.  Hypersonic BrahMos (BrahMos 2K) BrahMos aerospace is moving ahead with hypersonic version of BrahMos named BrahMos 2K. According to latest reports BrahMos-2K will be developed in two versions. The first version will have a speed of Mach 5 it will be developed by 2024. The second version, a mach 7 capable BrahMos 2k will be developed by 2027. Current mach 3 capable Ramjet will be replaced with a mach 5 Ramjet engine. Mach 7 BrahMos 2 will have a scramjet engine in place of ramjet. The new scramjet engine can be upgraded to reach up to a speed of Mach 9. BrahMos Aerospace already carried out a series of lab tests at the speed of Mach 6.5. Hypersonic BrahMos is expected to have a range in between 500km -800 Km depending on the flight profile. That is BrahMos 2K can achieve 500Km range in Low-level flight Profile and will have a range of 800Km in a High-level Flight. Similar like BrahMos, BrahMos 2K can be deployed in all kind of platforms.  Nirbhay/ITCM Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather; subsonic cruise missile. The missile uses a solid propellant booster motor that is jettisoned shortly after launch, switching over to a turbojet engine with a cruise speed of 0.7 Mach and a reported range of 800-1,000 km. Nirbhay has both terrain-hugging and sea-skimming capability that helps it avoid detection and counter-measures. India moves Nirbhay missiles to defend LAC at October 2020. Officials at Bengaluru-based Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) which is in charge of the Nirbhay program also confirmed that development work on the Nirbhay program is now complete and now their focus has shifted towards development of user-specific variants for the Air force, Navy, and Army based on their requirements which they plan to accomplish within the next 3-5 years. According to media reports, the Indian Army, not only has asked for greater range and also wants terrain hugging features along with additional navigational equipment which can attack targets even if they are hidden in mountain terrains. According to media reports Nirbhay cruise missile program is closed .Nirbhay project has taken a new desi avatar with a renewed outlook and will be now known as the Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM). The first launch of Nirbhay/ITCM with indigenous Small Turbo Fan Engine and RF seeker (developed by RCI, Hyderabad) is expected to be conducted at end of October 2020. Specifications Launch Weight : 1,500 to 1,600 kg Payload : 450 kg of HE/submunitions, nuclear warhead with a 12 kT yield. Guidance : INS/GPS /active-radar homing Range : 1000Km Kill Probability : more than 90 percent (Single shot) Speed : 0.7 Mach Altitude : 5 meters  Nirbhay Air launched Version: Nirbhay AL-1 is believed to be an air launched version of the Nirbhay missile. Nirbhay AL-1 won’t have launch booster. It may use the same pylon developed for Air launched variant of BrahMos. A new prototype will be ready for first flight test from Sukhoi-30 by 2021. Nirbhay Naval Variant: Indian Navy has asked, DRDO for a Ship-based Nirbhay Cruise missile variant with a range in excess of 1500 km and could prefer a range close to 2000 km, which DRDO is currently studying by making available extra onboard fuel in the missile and by also improving fuel burn ratio but Indian Army has come up with new requirements which can take more developmental time. Submarine launched Nirbhay was also planned.  Nirbhay Air Launched version. Picture courtesy: idrw.org Smart Cruise Missile DRDO is planning to develop a New Smart Cruise missile with stealth characteristics. This missile will have a range of 350-500km. This stealth cruise missile will be available in Land Attack and Anti-ship versions. Smart missile will be an air launched weapon for IAF and Indian Navy fighter aircrafts.  SCALP India got SCALP EG stealth cruise missile as part of its Rafale fighter acquisition. Rafale can carry two of the missiles. Storm Shadow / SCALP is the air-launched long range, conventionally armed, deep strike weapon, designed to meet the demanding requirements of pre-planned attacks against high value fixed or stationary targets. Able to be operated in extreme conditions, the weapon offers operators a highly flexible, deep-strike capability based around a sophisticated mission planning system. The BROACH warhead features an initial penetrating charge to clear soil or enter a bunker, then a variable delay fuse to control detonation of the main warhead. It is a fire and forget missile, programmed before launch. Once launched, the missile cannot be controlled or commanded to self-destroy and its target information cannot be changed. Mission planners programme the missile with the target air defenses and target. The missile follows a path semi-autonomously, on a low flight path guided by GPS and terrain mapping to the target area. Close to the target, the missile climbs and then bunts into a dive. Climbing to altitude is intended to achieve the best probability of target identification and penetration. During the bunt, the nose cone is jettisoned to allow a high resolution thermographic camera (Infrared homing) to observe the target area. The missile then tries to locate its target based upon its targeting information (DSMAC). If it cannot, and there is a high risk of collateral damage, it will fly to a crash point instead of risking inaccuracy. Recent enhancements include the capability to relay target information just before impact, usage of one-way (link back) data link, to relay battle damage assessment information back to the host aircraft. Another feature of the weapon is in-flight re-targeting capability, using a two-way data link. Specifications Range : 560 km Propulsion : TRI 60-30 turbojet (5.4kN) Speed : Mach 0.8 Warhead : 450 kg Guidance : INS, GPS, Terrain reference navigation, IIR seeker.  Kh-59ME The Kh-59 is a Russian TV-guided cruise missile. It is primarily a land-attack missile. The Kh-59ME is an improved version of the Kh-59 and was introduced in the early 1990s. It features two larger fragmentation and penetration warheads, minor airframe changes, and a new propulsion system for extended range. The missile can fly at altitudes between 7 and 1,000 meters. The nose-mounted TV-sensor relays target area imagery to the launch airborne platform and the pilot selects the impact point using the aircraft-mounted APK-9ME pod. Specifications Range : 115Km Warhead : 320 Kg, Cluster/ Shaped charge Propulsion : Solid rocket motor + R95 TP-300 turbojet/turbofan Speed : Mach 0.7-0.9 Guidance : INS, TV Guidance, MMW radar seeker  Kh 29 T/Kh 29 L The Kh-29 is a short range, supersonic air-to-surface missile family intended to destroy stationary hardened ground and surface targets. The spectrum of targets for the Kh-29 missile family are big railway and highway bridges, industrial installations, concrete runways, aircraft in reinforced concrete shelters, and surface vessels displacing up to 10,000 tons. The Kh-29L is a semi-active laser homing variant, with a 24N1 seeker. The Kh-29T is an electro-optical variant with a daylight television seeker. The Kh-29T features a TV-based guidance system. The Kh-29L features a semi-active laser guidance system. Kh-29L has a range of 8–10 km. Specification Mass : 660Kg (Kh29L), 685Kg (Kh29T) Warhead : 320Kg, HE armor piercing Propulsion : Solid rocket booster Range : 10Km (Kh29L), 12Km (Kh29T) Speed : Mach 1.2  Kh 29L Kh 35 The Kh-35 is a Soviet turbojet subsonic cruise anti-ship missile. Indian Navy Brahmaputra class, Delhi class destroyers are carrying this missile. Each of these classes houses 16 of these missiles in four quadruple KT-184 launchers, angled at 30 degrees, two on either side of the bridge superstructure. All 16 Kh 35 can be ripple-fired in 2 to 3 second intervals. Su 30 MKIs carrying the air launched version of Kh 35. Specifications Mass : 520Kg (air launched), 610Kg (Ship launched) Warhead : 145Kg, HE Fragmentation shaped charge Propulsion : R95TP-300 Turbojet Range : 130Km Flight altitude: 4m at terminal stage Speed : 0.8-0.95 mach Guidance : INS, active radar homing (Terminal) Kh 31 P The Kh-31P medium-range supersonic anti-radiation missile is designed to counter enemy air defenses and has a high supersonic speed. It features high kill probability against radar systems that have been turned-off when attacked. The Kh-31P is the basic anti-radiation variant of the missile with a band specific Avtomatika L-111E family interferometric seeker, which uses an array of seven cavity back spiral antennas on a gimbaled platform. The seeker can home on pulsed or CW emitters. Unique missiles are supplied with band specific seekers and these must be chosen during sortie planning. If irradiated by enemy radar, the missile can perform an evasive 10-g pull-up maneuver. Kh 31A The Kh-31A is a high speed anti-shipping missile based on the Kh-31P airframe. The Kh-31A is equipped with the ARGSN-31 jam-resistant active radar guidance system capable of discriminating the target from a dense homogenous group Specifications Mass : 610Kg (Kh 31A) 600Kg (Kh 31P) Range : 25-103Km ( Kh 31A) , 110Km( Kh 31P) Speed : Mach 4.5 (Terminal) Propulsion : Solid rocket motor+ ramjet Warhead : HE Shaped charge, 94Kg (Kh 31A), 87Kg (Kh 31P) Guidance : INS+ RF Seeker (Kh 31A), INS+Passive radar (Kh31P) Launch Platform : Su 30MKI, Tejas, Mig 29K  Kh 35  Kh 31 Harpoon anti-ship missiles Recently India ordered Harpoon Block II air-launched missiles for its P8I ASW aircrafts. The AGM-84L is a solid propellant sea-skimming missile with a range of up to 250Km and shall enable the Indian Navy to undertake Airborne maritime surface target engagement tactics more effectively. Indian Navy also has 22 Harpoon submarine launched anti-ship missiles (UGM-84L Harpoon Block II). Specifications Range : 250Km Guidance : Inertial, semi-active radar Payload : 224 kg Warhead : HE fragmentation Propulsion : Turbojet, solid propellant Speed : 0.85 Mach  UGM 84L HSTDV The Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft for hypersonic speed flight, developed by India's DRDO. HSTDV is not a weapon itself but and is being developed as a carrier vehicle for hypersonic and long-range cruise missiles. HSTDV is a major programme to develop hypersonic technologies, so that a missile in excess of 10-12 Mach speed can be developed. India on 7-sep-2020 conducted a successful test flight of the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle. The HSDTV has a range of uses, including missiles of the future for air defense, surveillance and reconnaissance besides in the development of energy-efficient, low cost and reusable satellite-launch vehicles.   HSTDV Cruise Vehicle NASM Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM0 is a helicopter launched anti-ship missile. NASM poster revealed first time in Def Expo 2020. At the Def Expo show NASM is specifically designated ‘SR’, confirming that a longer range version will also be planned. There may be a weapon system NASM MR? with range in excess of 150-km. Specifications Range : 5-55Km Launch Platform : helicopter Weight : 375 Km Warhead : 100Kg Propulsion : Solid Rocket Motor Booster Motor : 3.5T (inline ejectable) Sustainer Motor : 120Kgf Navigation : Midcourse INS& altimeter, Terminal IIR seeker Cruise Altitude : 15m in midcourse, 5m in terminal Launch altitude : 91m to3km Impact point : water Line Speed : 0.8 Mach Control : Aerodynamic & JVC Target : Ships & patrol Boats  NASM LRLACM The Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) was unveiled at the recent DefExpo 2020. This new system will have a range in excess of 1000 km launched from a UVLM (Universal Vertical Launcher Module). The unique UVLMs in operation is designed, developed and patented by BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is the result of a naval requirement projected to the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The first trials of the missile could begin in early 2023. LRLACM is based on the technologies of Nirbhay Cruise missile. The LRLACM will be a vastly improved version of the Nirbhay, not just in terms of range, but also possibly its propulsion scheme. Around 20 developmental flights are being planned of the LRLACM, tipped to be developed with completely indigenous systems. The terminal homing featured will be aided by a indigenous radio frequency (RF) seeker. Similar to Nirbhay, LRLACM too will be capable of flying at low altitude with sea-skimming capabilities. Once DRDO completes the trial phase of the new missile, the Indian Navy is keen to place an order on development cum production partner (DCPP). An order worth Rs 5,000 crore for 200 LRLACMs will be placed on the DCPP by Indian Navy.  Chinese Cruise Missiles CJ-10/DH 10 The Chang Jian (Long Sword) CJ-10 is a long range, surface-to-surface, sub sonic cruise missile system. CJ 10 which was reportedly first tested in the fall of 2004. Other reporting indicates integrated flight tests as early as 2003. China unveiled the DH-10 during its National Day Parade in 2006 .It is a land based derivative of the Kh-55/AS-15 Kent, at least six being illegally transferred from the Ukraine to China and the detailed production engineering data packages of the Kh-55 LACM were bought from Ukraine. The Tomahawk missiles that were unexploded and purchased from Iraq, Pakistan, and Serbia also helped Chinese to develop CJ10. Russian documents suggested a complete production facility had been transferred to Shanghai, for the development of a nuclear-armed cruise missile (KH-55). The Center for Strategic and International Studies believes that the CJ-10 is a member of the Hongniao (HN) series of missiles; Ian Easton believes that the CJ-10 is the same missile as the HN-2, and that the HN-3 is the "DH-10A". The second-generation LACM DH-10, ground-launched CJ 10 has a range of 1,500+ km and employs INS and TERCOM for guidance, as well as probably DSMAC for terminal guidance. Ground-launched CJ-10 requires an additional small rocket booster to get the missile off the launcher where upon the engine is ignited until the missile flies aerodynamically. Air-launching version (CJ-10K) does not require a booster rocket, but only a release mechanism to drop the missile away from the aircraft before the engine takes over. CJ-10 is mounted on WS2400 vehicles. WS2400 series is 20 tonne 8 x 8 cross-country vehicles, these vehicles are copies of the Russian MAZ-543/7910 8 x 8 TEL. When used as the TEL for the CJ-10, it is designated as the PHL-03 and has a maximum road speed of 60 km/hr with a maximum range of 650km using sealed roads. It can climb a 57% slope and cross water up to 1.1. Meters deep. Status : In Service, 2006-present Range : 1500- 2000km Guidance : Integrated inertial/GPS, supported by terrain contour mapping and digital scene matching for terminal homing CEP : 10 m. Propulsion : Solid Rocket Booster Warheads : 4 different warheads are available; a heavy variant weighing 500kg, and three 350kg variants: high explosive blast, submunition and earth penetrator. Launch Platform: TEL  CJ-10 Variants
YJ-100 The YJ-100 is a high subsonic anti-ship version of the CJ-10 with a range of 800 km .The missile can be air-launched by the H-6K bomber and JH-7B fighter bomber. The YJ-100 will have onboard radar. The YJ-100 guidance system combines the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) for mid-course guidance; and an active radar seeker and an infrared seeker in the terminal phase. The existence of the YJ-100 long-range anti-ship missile was leaked in January 2014. YJ-100 Ship launched It is a derivative of the YJ-100 air-launched anti-ship missile. Sea-launched version may feature a shorter range if not provided with a booster or additional fuel. The existence of the sea-launched YJ-100 long-range anti-ship missile was leaked in February 2015. While subsonic, the missile comprises with a trajectory specialized to evade interception. This provides the destroyer with an overwhelming range advantage. The PLA Navy is estimated to be planning to deploy up to 18 of the Type 052D destroyers, with a new elongated variant (161m rather than 157m) reportedly laid down in July 2018. Status : In Service IOC : 2020 Range : 800-1000 Km Warhead : 500kg Guidance system: INS, GPS for mid-course guidance, active radar seeker and an infrared seeker in the terminal phase. KD-20/CJ-10K KD-20 (K/AKD20, CJ-10K) is the first generation of modern long range Chinese ALCM in the same class of American AGM-86 and Russian Kh-55, designed to attack a variety of fixed, high-value targets. Its configuration features a cylindrical body with two retractable wings, four foldable tailfins as well as a concealed belly engine inlet. However the missile appears to lack any significant stealth features. KD-20 is based on CJ-10/DH-10/DF-10 land-based cruise missile which in turn adopted some Russian Kh-55 technology. Chinese H-6M missile carrier can carry up to 2 KD 20. As a strategic weapon, it is capable of carrying both nuclear and conventional warhead. However so far there is no indication that the missile is nuclear armed. The missile also has a DSMAC optical window under its nose which gives it an improved accuracy. The missile can also be carried by the H-6K and H-6N missile carriers (up to 6). KD-20 is expected to be carried internally by the new H-20 strategic stealth bomber still under development. Status : In Service? Range : 2000 - 2,200km (depending on the payload it carries) Guidance : INS and TERCOM guidance (coupled with GPS/Beidou?) Images suggested that a new variant of KD-20 (KD-20A?) has been developed. It features new high-definition imaging radar in the head section in place of DSMAC optical window which further improves its anti-jamming capability as well as its accuracy at night and in bad weather conditions. Specifications of KD-20A (estimated) Length : 8.9m. Weight : 1.7t. Cruising speed : Mach 0.48-0.77. Cruising altitude : 40-100m. Range : 3,000km. Propulsion : Two stage Solid Rocket Motor  YJ-18 The YJ-18 was developed by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) Third Academy starting around the mid-1990s. China could deploy YJ-18 variants to replace diverse ASCMs across the PLA. The missile was finalized in 2013 and entered service in 2014. The YJ-18 bearing a close external resemblance to the supersonic Russian 3M-54E. The YJ-18’s have greater range and speed than previous Chinese ASCMs, along with its wide deployment across PLA platforms, would significantly increase China’s antiaccess/area denial capabilities. The YJ-18 probably will be widely deployed on China’s indigenously built ASCM-capable submarines and newest surface ships by 2020, and China could develop a variant of the YJ-18 to replace older missiles in its shore-based ASCM arsenal. YJ-18 features a multistage propulsion system, using an air-breathing engine to cruise at Mach 0.8, when the missile is about 20 nautical miles (nm) from its target, the warhead accelerates using solid rocket booster to travel at Mach 2.5 – 3.0 in a terminal phase. The more fuel-efficient subsonic stage of the YJ-18’s flight increases its overall range, and the supersonic terminal flight stage reduces the time adversary forces have to engage the missile. YJ-18 has a range of 220-540 Km. The YJ-18’s predecessor on many Chinese submarines, the YJ-82, has a range of about 20 nm. The YJ-18 most likely follows a sea-skimming flight path as it approaches its target. By flying only a few meters above the sea, the missile attempts to evade detection by surface radar until it breaks the radar horizon 16 to 18 nm from its target.YJ-18’s warhead weighs 300 kilograms (kg), though some other sources suggest it weighs only 140 kg. China is focused on building a robust C4ISR system for detecting ships and aircraft over the horizon, which would provide targeting data to antiship missiles such as the YJ-18. This system incorporates an array of ship-borne and land-based radar (including over-the-horizon radar); a constellation of imaging satellites; and a variety of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance aircraft. However, China’s C4ISR infrastructure might be insufficient to generate and fuse the targeting information necessary to take advantage of the YJ-18’s assessed range. According to the US Department of Defense, “It is unclear whether China has the capability to collect accurate targeting information and pass it to launch platforms in time for successful [antiship missile] strikes in sea areas beyond the first island chain. Moreover, some systems in China’s C4ISR infrastructure may be vulnerable to countermeasures, such as electromagnetic warfare operations, that could degrade the ability of the PLA to detect, identify, and track enemy ships and employ antiship missiles against them in a contingency. The YJ-18 most likely is capable of using waypoint navigation and onboard radar-seeking technology to navigate to its target. Specifications Status : In Service Range : 220- 540Km Guidance : Active radar seeker/Beidou Warhead : 150- 300Kg High Explosives or Anti Radaition Speed : Mach 0.8, Mach 3 at terminal Stage (AShM) Launch Platform: Type 052D, Type 055 Variants China has developed several YJ-18 variants, primarily differentiated by their respective launch platforms. YJ-18: The first production model. It was designed to launch from submarine torpedo tubes for antiship missions, and may have a shorter range than later variants. It entered service in 2015. YJ-18A: A model designed to fit shipboard vertical launch systems (VLS). It is fitted aboard the Luyang III-class destroyer and Renhai-class cruiser. It entered service in 2015. YJ-18B: A submarine-launched variant designed for land-attack missions. It fits in VLS tubes aboard the Song-class SS, Yuan-class SSP, and Shang-class SSN. It entered service between 2016-2019. YJ-18C: A March 2019 report said that China was developing the YJ-18C, a land-attack variant designed to deploy in commercial shipping containers. Russia has developed a similar containerized launch system for its 3M-54 Klub-K missile, which fits four missiles into a single container. Coastal Defense Variant: Images suggest China also deploys a truck-based YJ-18 variant for coastal defense, although U.S. government sources have not confirmed this development. It reportedly entered service around 2015. China may also be developing an aircraft-launched variant as well   YJ 18 Costal Defense variant  YJ 18A SY-1 SY-1 is the original Chinese version of Soviet P-15 Termit missile. The main difference between P-15 Termit and SY-1 missiles is that the unreliable aneroid altimeter of P-15 Termit was replaced by a much more reliable radar altimeter in SY-1. The successor of SY-1, designated as SY-1A. SY 1A is fully solid state (electronics) with integrated circuitry and a mono-pulse terminal guidance radar seeker replacing the original conical scanning radar seeker and new radar altimeter entered service as SY-1A in early 1980s. The missile received a NATO reporting name CSS-N-1 Scrubbrush. Specifications Length : 6.55 metre Diameter : 0.76 metre Wingspan : 2.4 metre Weight : 2,095 kg Warhead : 513 kg shaped charge high explosive Propulsion : One liquid rocket engine and one solid rocket booster Speed : Mach 0.8 Range : 150 km Cruising altitude: < 20 m Guidance : Inertial guidance + active conical scanning terminal guidance radar (SY-1); or inertial + active monopulse radar (SY-1A) Single-shot kill probability: 70% SY-2 SY-2 was a new version based on SY-1. The liquid fuel engine of SY-1 was hazardous and unreliable, so a solid fuel rocket engine was developed for SY-2. This engine also made it possible to reduce the size and weight of the missile while providing greater range. The warhead weight is also reduced, but its effectiveness was actually increased when a time-delayed semi-armor-piercing high-explosive design was adopted. The extended version developed is designated SY-2A. Specification Warhead : 365 kg shape charged high-explosive Propulsion : A solid rocket engine and a solid booster Speed : Mach 0.9 Range : 130 km Cruising altitude : 20 meter Guidance : Inertial + active radar Single-shot kill probability: 70%  HY-1 The HY-1 is a reverse engineered P-15 Termit / SS-N-2 Styx. Development of this clone commenced during the early 1960s. The missile was eventually certified for production in 1974. The HY-1 received two separate NATO reporting names, the CSS-N-2 Safflower for the ship to ship version and the CSSC-2 Silkworm for the land based coastal defense variant. Variants
Specifications Status : Retired Weight : 2,300 kg Warhead : 513 kg shaped charge high explosive Propulsion : One liquid rocket engine and one solid rocket booster Speed : Mach 0.8 Range : 85 km Cruising altitude : 100~300m (early models); <20m (later models) Guidance : Inertial + active conical scanning terminal guidance radar (early models); or inertial + monopulse active radar (later models) Single-shot kill probability: 70% HY-2/C-201 The HY-2 is identical to the HY-1 but with a further stretched body. The missile features a round nose accommodating the radar seeker, a pair of mid-mounted delta wings on the middle section of missile body, and three tail control surfaces. The missile is powered by a liquid-fuel rocket motor, with a solid rocket booster attached under the missile fuselage. The HY-2 is launched from land-based launcher and flies at an altitude of 1000 m during the initial stage of the flight. After the missile switched to the cruising mode, the flight altitude was reduced to 100 ~ 300 m. During the final stage of the flight, the missile switched on its radar seeker and dives to an altitude of 8 m until it hits the target. The single-shot hit probability is estimated to be 90%. Due to its oversized body, the HY-2 did not develop a ship-to-ship variant. The missile is obsolete and was replaced by the YJ-8 series?. The HY-2 was widely exported to the Middle East, and was the missile most associated with the silkworm nickname. Variants
Specifications Status : Retired Launch weight : 2,998 kg Warhead : 513 kg shaped charge high-explosive Propulsion : One liquid rocket engine and one solid rocket booster Speed : Mach 0.8 Range : 200 km Flight altitude : < 20m Guidance : Inertial + active conical scanning terminal guidance radar (HY-2); or inertial + infrared homing guidance (HY-2A); or inertial + monopulse active radar (HY-2B) Single-shot hit probability: 90%   C-601/YJ-6 C-601 is an air-launched version of SY-1 Anti ship cruise missiles. The missile received a NATO reporting name CAS-1 Kraken. The missile has been upgraded to be air-launched, and the air-launched version is known as C-601 (YJ-6), which is the first air-launched anti-ship missile in China. The missile received a NATO reporting name CAS-1 Kraken. Range of YJ-6/C-601 is ~100 km C-611 /YJ 61 C-611 is an upgraded version of C-601. It has a slightly extended fuselage, and is claimed to use a higher energy density propellant mix and better engine design These cruise missiles is widely regarded to be obsolete today and too large and slow to penetrate modern defenses on warships, the missile remains strategically important, due to its lethality and wide deployment. Used against transports, tankers, amphibious ships and other targets without defensive systems, the missile is highly lethal. Range : ~200Km Propulsion : Liquid Rocket Engine Max Speed : 3500Km/h Guidance : Homing Single shot hit probability: 70%  HY-3 (C-301) The HaiYing-3 (C-301 export name; NATO codename: CSS-C-6 Sawhorse) is the active radar homing, ramjet-powered supersonic land-to-ship missile . The missile was developed in the 1980s based on the design of the HY-2 (C-201) and the ramjet technology of the cancelled YJ-1 (C-101). The development was completed in the early 1990s. The Hy-3/C-301 is a large supersonic coastal defense anti-ship missile (AShM), and it is the basis on which two other members of the C-300 series AShM C-302 and C-303 developed from. The C-301 only saw very limited service in the People's Liberation Army Navy as a coastal defense missile and a stopgap measure in a limited scale production as more capable missiles becoming more widely available. C-301 is also used as a stopgap measure to replace the obsolete C-601 anti-ship missile, the air-launched version of the Silkworm missile carried on the Xi'an H-6 bomber, until more potent supersonic anti-ship missiles become widely available. Specifications Weight : 3,400 kg Warhead : 300~500 kg time-delayed semi-armour-piercing high-explosive Propulsion : 2 side-mounted ramjet engines; 4 solid propellant boost motors Speed : Mach 2.5 Range : 180 km Flight altitude : 50 m Guidance : Inertial and terminal active radar  C-302 An improved C-301 version, called C-302 was later developed as an upgrade. C-302 is highly digitized and fully solid state, and the cruising altitude is also decreased further. After entering Chinese service in very limited numbers for evaluation purposes, C-302 did not enter mass production, due to the obvious shortcomings of liquid fuel rocket: the operational cost is high because periodic maintenance is required much more frequently and the safety standard during handling is also higher in comparison to solid rocket powered AShM. C-302 was only known to be land-based, though in theory, it could be deployed by large aerial platforms. However, unlike its smaller cousin C-101 that can be carried by numerous aircraft in the Chinese inventory, the C-301 and its upgrade C-302 can only be carried by Xi'an H-6 due to their large size and weight. It is safe to conclude that as newer missiles entering services in greater numbers, the C-301/302 would eventually reduce to a sole coastal defense missile. C-303 The last member of C-300 series AShM is C-303, which differs drastically from C-301 & C-302. The C-303 differs from the other two AShM in that its flight path: instead of sea-skimming, C-303 would climb to 20 km altitude first before transition to level flight, and after cruising at 20 km altitude for most its journey, the seeker of the missile of would be turned on around 50 km away from target, dive down on its target at the terminal stage in a near vertical dive in a way similar to SS-N-19. C-303 can be either launched at a slant angle like most other AShM's, or launched vertically like a rocket. Just like its smaller cousin C-301 & C-302, C-303 only entered Chinese service in extremely limited numbers, mostly for test and trial purposes. Specifications Status : In Service Warhead : 500Kg Detonation : Semi Armor Piercing Engine : Liquid rocket Motor Range : 130-180Km Speed : Mach 2.5 Flight Altitude : 50m cruising Guidance : active radar homing seeker (Other types of seekers being developed) Propulsion : 2 side-mounted ramjet engines, 4 rocket boosters. HY-4 /C-201W The HY-4 (CSS-C-7 Sadsack) is the first turbojet powered derivative . The engine is reported to be the WS-11 which is also used in some PLA UAVs. This design is a clone of the US Teledyne-Ryan CAE J69-T-41A engine, rated at 880 lbf at 22,600 rpm, used in the AQM-34 Firebee reconnaissance UAV, numerous AQM-34 Firebee’s strayed into Chinese airspace during the Vietnam conflict. The US engine itself a licensed version of the French Turbomeca Marbore. Development of HY-4 is believed to have started in the mid-1970s, replacing the HY-2 liquid propellant sustainer motor with a small turbojet engine, and adding a monopulse active radar seeker. Apart from the substitution of the turbojet engine, the overall configuration of the HY-4 variant of the missile is similar to the HY-2. The missile has a radar altimeter which allows the cruise height to be varied between 70 and 200 m altitude, followed by a steep dive onto the target. The HY-4 uses guidance components from later variants of the HY-2, and the basic configuration employs the common monopulse active radar seeker. The standard 512 kg shaped charge warhead is retained. Variants
Specifications Weight : 1,740 kg Speed : Mach 0.8 – 0.85 Range : 300–500 km Cruising altitude : 8 m Propulsion : one turbojet engine and one solid rocket booster HY-41/XW-41 The HY-41/XW-41 is an improved variant of HY-4; with a cited range performance of 200 - 300 km. XW 41 has additional GPS/GLONASS guidance. However, due to the availability of more advanced anti-ship missile with similar range, such as the C-602, the future of XW-41, like others in the Silkworm missile family, is uncertain despite its successful trials. Although still a member of Silkworm missile, the developer considers the missile was different enough to be a listed as a separate category of its own due to the amount of new technologies adopted. After the Gulf War, United Arab Emirates ordered 30 of these shore-based version for coastal defense, and accordingly to Jane's Defence Weekly, these missiles are referred by the general name Silkworm missiles, but domestic Chinese sources have claimed that these were XW-41s, though there are reports claiming these missiles are other models of Silkworm series. Range : 200-300 km. Guidance : GPS/GLONASS, Active Radar Seeker   YJ-63 /C-603 Chinese XW-41 was converted to the first indigenously developed air-to-surface precision strike missile named YJ-63. The developmental work begun in the mid-1990s and the project was completed in 2002 likely with technical assistance from Russia. In comparison to XW-41; the original radar guidance was changed to TV guidance. The original inverted Y-configuration of tail control surfaces was changed to X-configuration. Like its predecessor, XW-41, turbojet engine was adopted instead of liquid fuel rocket engine used on HY-2. China’s H-6H and H-6K bombers carry the YJ-63. The YJ-63 is capable of precision strikes against both land and maritime targets. The YJ-63 is often deployed on the H-6K bomber, which is designed for long-range and stand-off attacks and has a combat radius of 3,500 km. Range : 200km Guidance system : Inertial/ electro-optical terminal guidance Payload : up to 500kg CEP : 6m KD-63 Newest version of YJ-63 series that entered service in 2004 - 2005. This land attack version is almost identical to C-603 in appearance, except it has a solid nose instead of a window for TV guidance optronics. The KD-63 is carried by the modernised Xi’an H-6H (Tu-16 Badger) medium-range bomber. Each H-6H carries two KD-63 missiles on its under-wing stores stations. The missile is launched at altitudes between 200 m to 5,000 m from a dive. Once leaving the carrier aircraft, the missile drops down for 70-120 m before its engine starts. The missile is then accelerated to a sustained subsonic speed of 900 km/h and flies at a typical altitude of 600 m. The KD-63 relies on inertial navigation, with input of datalink command (and possibly GPS signal correction) and TV terminal guidance. The missile is fitted with a CCD camera, which transfers images of the target back to the carrier bomber. The bomber’s onboard fire-control computer then sends correction command back to the missile until it hits the target. Alternatively, the missile can be guided using a manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) method, where the weapon operator manually ‘flies’ the missile remotely to its target. The communications between the missile and the carrier bomber is via the datalink antenna located underneath the bomber’s fuselage behind the bomb bay doors. The KD-63 was designed to hit large fixed land targets, such as bridges, airport, command posts, and barracks. Its TV-seeker can lock on a typical target at a distance of 12 km. The missile’s effectiveness is greatly hampered at night or in adverse weather conditions. It is also vulnerable to enemy jamming due to its dependence on the carrier aircraft for guidance command. Specifications Status : In Service? Powered by : FW-41B turbojet engine Cruising speed : 900km/hr Max range : 180km Min range : 20km Cruising altitude : 600m Warhead : 500kg CEP : 2-6m KD-63B It was reported in February 2013 that an improved version has entered the service replacing the original KD-63 named KD 63B. It features an IIR seeker replacing the TV seeker and has a new conformal data link or GPS/Beidou antenna to replace the old TV antenna. KD-63B is capable of being fired in all-weather conditions and could have a fire-and-forget capability.   FL-series The FL-series was designed as land-based counterparts to the SY-series, and had a much longer production run than the SY-series. The FL-series was less expensive since it did not have to deal with more demanding conditions at sea. An added benefit was the ability to locate the missiles separately from the targeting and control systems, which improved survivability and flexibility. The SY-, HY-, and FL-series all shared the same systems. FL-1/C-101 The FL-1 (NATO designation CSS-NX-1) was a SY-1 with a high-frequency monopulse seeker. It used a radar altimeter to cruise at 30 meters. Operational : 1980. Status : Unknown Payload : 510 kg. Gross mass : 1,800 kg (3,900 lb). Height : 6.42 m (21.06 ft). Diameter : 0.76 m (2.49 ft). Span : 0.76 m (2.49 ft). FL-2 The FL-2 anti-ship missiles were the land-based derivative of the SY-2. It was produced at the Nanchang Aircraft Factory  FL-3/C301 FL-3 is a Chinese analogue to the Russian Shaddock/Sandbox family of supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles, but employs ramjet rather than the turbojet propulsion used in the Russian designs. The missile is based on similar technology to the C-101(Dropped YJ-1 project, but is significantly faster, and claimed to be much longer ranging. The C-301 does not appear to have been deployed in significant numbers, and was only produced in the coastal defense variant due to its large size. Note: this missile may be (may not be) the same one we mentioned above as C-301. We are not sure; we can’t find any sources to prove it. But looking at the specifications it may be the same one or may be two missiles with similar capabilities. These missiles are inferior and the production was very limited. FL-7 In addition to developing the C-101 and C-301 supersonic anti-ship missiles which are fairly large in size, China has developed FL-7 supersonic anti-ship missile which can be carried on airplanes and warships. The Feilong-7 has an effective range of 32 kilometers and a speed of Mach 1.4. It has powerful anti-jamming capability and its supersonic flight makes terminal interception difficult  TL 10 The TL-10 (Tian Long - 10) is a light anti-ship missile unveiled in the Zhuhai Airshow in 2004 in China. TL-10 along with TL-6 are both developed and manufactured by Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation, and the philosophy is identical to that of its French equivalent MM-15TT / AS-15TT light anti-ship missile developed by Aérospatiale. There are thousands small of fast attack craft and patrol boats armed with anti-ship missiles that pose great threats, but are not cost effective to engage with traditional anti-ship missiles such as Harpoon and Exocet that are designed to engage large warships. Thus, it has been proved necessary to develop a light anti-ship missile to engage these small yet highly lethal boats. TL-10, like C-701 is the Chinese answer to this problem. TL-10 is specifically designed to engage boats displacing 500 tons or less, and when launched, the missile will first climb to enable the seeker to acquire targets, and then immediately descend down to sea-skimming cruise altitude during its flight. Like the anti-ship version of the C-701, TL-10 is also armed with a television seeker that is interchangeable with TL-6. However, unlike the C-701 guidance has an additional command option which enables the operator to alter the targets; TL-10 is a purely fire-and-forget weapon. Western sources have claimed that the Iranian anti-ship missile Kowsar which is manufactured by the Iran Aviation Industries Organization is based on TL-10 while the Nasr is based on the TL-6. TL-6 In 2004 in the PRC has been demonstrated by rocket TL-6, intended for weapons of small patrol boats and helicopters. T-6 is a solid propellant missile. It has a launch range 35 km, assumes 30 kg armor-explosive warhead. The TL-6 is equipped with an active radar seeker. According to the Chinese military, these relatively compact and inexpensive missiles are better suited for hitting ships with a displacement of up to 1000 tons and counteracting amphibious operations in the coastal zone. A known variant of the TL-10 with a television or IR GOS, this more compact, but structurally similar to the TL-6 rocket is designed to combat boats. In service : 2006 Mass : 350Kg Warhead : 30 Kg Detonation : semi armor piercing Engine : Solid Rocket Motor Range : 4 to 35 Km Speed : mach 8-9 Flight altitude : 12m Launch Platform : Air & Surface   FL-8 FL-8 is the cheaper coastal defense version of TL-10. Following the tradition of Silkworm missile, a land-based version with the lowest requirement is also developed for this missile: as the missile is stored in a controlled environment in a warehouse on land, the salinity, temperature and relative humidity requirements for the missile itself are greatly reduced. Because it is designed and deployed on land, the associate C4I systems can be located separately: the distributed system prevents electromagnetic interference, and if the C4I system is attacked, the distributed nature of the FL-8 would greatly reduce casualties and damage. FL-10 FL-10 is the cheaper coastal defense version of C-701 anti-ship missile. Following the tradition of Silkworm missile, a land-based version with the lowest requirement is also developed for this missile: as the missile is stored in a controlled environment in a warehouse on land, the salinity, temperature and relative humidity requirements for the missile itself are greatly reduced. Because it is designed and deployed on land, the associate C4I systems can be located separately: the distributed system prevents electromagnetic interference, and if the C4I system is attacked, the distributed nature of the FL-10 would greatly reduce casualties and damage. FL-10 was revealed to the public at Zhuhai Airshow. TL-1 A new version of TL-10 appeared made its public debut at the 7th Zhuhai Airshow held at the end of 2008, together with its larger cousin TL-2. Developed by Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation, the same manufacturer of TL-10, the new missile is designated as TL-1, and appears almost identical to TL-10. TL-1 is an upgraded TL-10 with a data link added, so that in addition to the original fire-and-forget capability, TL-1 operators can select to attack a different target other than the original one, if a greater threat has been identified after launching TL-1. TL-1 can be deployed from various platforms. Status : In-service Weight : 105 kg Warhead : 30 kg, semi-armor piecing Power plant : twin thrust chamber, solid rocket motor Speed : Mach 0.85 Range : 4–15 km Guidance : Electro-optics/INS Kill probability : 0.85 TL-2 A new version of TL-6 made its public debut at the 7th Zhuhai Airshow held at the end of 2008, together with its smaller cousin TL-1. TL-2 appears almost identical to TL-6. TL-2 is an upgraded TL-6 with a data link added. TL-2 missile can be launched from a ground-based launcher or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Photographs provided by CATIC show two TL-2s mounted on an ASN-209 medium altitude and medium endurance (MAME) UAV. The ASN-209 has a range of 200 km (120 miles) and the TL-2 has a range of 6 km. CATIC photographs show it destroying a light armored vehicle. It has a circular error probable range of 2-10 meters depending on the guidance system used. Modes of operation include direct attack for lock-on before launch (LOBL), mid-course navigation, and semi-active guidance for lock-on after launch (LOAL). TL-2 was first marketed at the 2014 Zhuhai Airshow as a precision strike weapon for the Chengdu-built Wing Loong unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), now in service with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. TL 7 TL-7 is an anti-ship missile that can be launched from fighter aircraft (TL-7A), ground-based units (TL-7B), and ships (TL-7C). The turbojet engine allows it to hit cruising speeds of 0.8-0.85 Mach with a range of 180 km. TL-7 is making its debut as the export model of the KD-88 precision-guided air to surface missile that entered PLA Air Force service on the Xian-built JH-7A fighter bombers in 2006 and 2007.   TL 7B  TL 10A CJ-1 AShM CJ-1 is a submarine launched anti ship Missile based on Russian SS-N-27. To simplify logistics and to reduce operational costs, the anti-ship version is developed from the solid rocket powered CJ-1 ASW weapon (which itself is copied from Russian SS N 27), instead of the original turbojet powered Russian version. A variety of seekers are developed for CJ-1 AShM, including radar, imaging infrared, and TV while the flight path of the missile is modified to have a sea-skimming capability. The warhead comes in a variety of size, with the largest weighing around half a ton. Specifications Status : In Service Range : 50 – 80 km, depending on warheads Speed : Mach 2.5 Payload : 500Kg Detonation : Semi armor piercing Cruising altitude : 20 meter Propulsion : solid rocket Guidance : radar, imaging infrared, and TV Launch Platforms : Submarines & Ships YJ-1 / C-101 The C-101 is a Chinese supersonic anti-ship missile. The C-101 was an early Chinese supersonic cruise missile. It has been described as unsuccessful. YJ-8/ C-801 The YJ-8 is a Chinese surface-launched subsonic anti-ship cruise missile. The YJ-8 is an anti-ship missile of Chinese origin. It was developed as a more capable alternative to the larger and slower anti-ship missiles in Chinese service. The YJ-8 is a sea skimming anti-ship missile with active radar homing in the terminal phase. The solid propellant rocket motor makes the YJ-8 less difficult to operate and much smaller than the Chinese models of the P-15 Termit. This allows for more missiles to be carried on ships. Several defense analysts have suggested the YJ-8 is a reverse engineered copy of the French MM38 Exocet. The general appearance of the missile, and the externally ribbed launcher, was cited in support of this theory. Other analysts and commentators disagree and argue the Chinese missile was a logical result of the development of a weapon system with similar requirements. According to a 1991 Aerospace China article, the development of the actual YJ-8 propulsion system began in 1978, with flight-testing completed by 1985. The YJ-8 reached initial operational capability (IOC) with the PLAN in 1987. Although first announced in 1984, the export version of the YJ-8, the C801, wasn’t formally introduced to the international arms market until three years later. This initial version had fixed wings and was stored in small externally ribbed box launchers on surface ships, or in external tubes on a single modified Type 033G Romeo class submarine. The early YJ-8/8A missiles used hybrid computers for the navigation, autopilot, and radar seeker. A hybrid computer uses a mixture of digital and analog components – that is solid-state elements along with servos, relays, and vacuum tubes. It is interesting to note that only the radio altimeter was fully digital, comprised of solid-state components only, which reflects the likely direct influence from the revolutionary French MM38 Exocet missile. The inertial reference unit used small mechanical gyros and accelerometers that feed their input to the autopilot computer. Servomechanisms transmitted the steering commands to the four independent rudders. While the Chinese were satisfied with the YJ-8/8A’s overall performance, the electronic and navigation components were very bulky and took up a considerable amount of space inside the missile’s fuselage. By transitioning to all digital, microprocessor based computers, and a more compact strap-down mechanical inertial reference unit; Variants YJ-8A: Modified YJ-8 with folding wings. YJ-81: Air-launched version without the booster. YJ-82: Submarine-launched version. C-801: Export version of YJ-8. C-801K: Export version of the YJ-81. C-801Q: Export version of YJ-82. YJ-8A The YJ-8A appeared very quickly after the YJ-8 entered service, reaching IOC in 1992 or 1993. In fact, the YJ-8 was only deployed by the PLAN on the Jianghu III (Type 053HT) frigates Huangshi (Hull 535) and Wuhu (Hull 536), as well as the single Type 033G modified Romeo class submarine. Specifications Mass : 815Kg Warhead : 165Kg Range : 42Km Engine : Solid Rocket Flight Altitude : 5-7m Max Speed : Mach 0.9 Guidance : Inertial navigation/active radar homing terminal guidance Launch Platform : Air, land & See  YJ-8 YJ-81 The PLAN’s keen desire for an air-launched version of the YJ-8 drove a near simultaneous development and test program alongside the ship-launched missile. The YJ-81 is very similar to the YJ-8, but without the booster. The shorter section aft of the wings, lack of a scoop, and an underbelly cable run, identify this as a rocket-propelled missile. Like the YJ-8 it has fixed wings, but there is a faired boat tail cap over the rocket exhaust to help reduce the missile’s drag when carried on an aircraft’s pylon. The small size and low weight of the YJ-81 provided smaller tactical aircraft in the PLAN inventory with a standoff anti-ship strike capability for the first time. The YJ-81 is reported to have begun flight-testing in the mid-1980s, and reached IOC in 1989. The missile was marketed as the C801K. The “K” reportedly means “Kongjun” or air force, indicating an aircraft launched missile. Iran purchased the C801K and began receiving shipments in the mid-1990s. YJ-82/ C801Q The YJ-82(Yingji-82) is the submarine-launched version of the YJ-8 missile family. It is launched from submarines from a buoyant launch canister. The YJ-82 lacks the solid-rocket booster of the surface-launched YJ-8/8A and likely has less range than the latter's 42 km. The YJ-82 was first test fired from a Type 039 submarine in 1997; initial tests did not go well. The first photographs of the missile appeared at the 2004 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition. The launch capsule is a copy of the one used by submarine-launched Harpoons; China likely received the technology from Pakistan, which had such weapons. Pakistani Navy’s Agosta and Daphne class submarines had been modified to launch Sub-Harpoon missiles between 1984 and 1986. An additional motivating factor was China’s considerable technical assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear and ballistic missile programs. YJ-82 missile's small radar reflectivity, low attack flight path and strong anti-jamming capability of its guidance system, target ships have a very small chance of intercepting the missile. The single shot hit probability of the YJ 82 is estimated to be as high as 98%. The YJ-82 can be launched from airplanes, surface ships, submarines and land-based vehicles. Specifications Status : In Service? Warhead : 165 kg high Explosives Range : ~42 Km Max Speed : Mach 0.9 Guidance : Inertial navigation/active radar homing terminal guidance Launch Platform : Submarines/Ships/Land based vehicles? Propulsion : Solid-fuelled rocket. Flight Altitude : 5 to 7 m (terminal sea-skimming) CM 708 UNA (Export version?) CM-708UNA is a submarine-launched, subsonic anti-ship missile derived from the YJ-82 missile. Chinese CM-708UNA Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) can be launched from torpedo tubes of submarines. CM-708UNA missile will use strap-down inertial navigation coupled with satellite navigation for midcourse guidance and using a radar seeker for terminal homing. CM-708UNA is developed by Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) and has estimated range of 128 km. CM 708 UNB (Export Version?) CM-708 UNB is purportedly a derivative of a longer-range version of the submarine-borne YJ-83 ASCM. CM 708 UNB has a range of about 290 kilometers more than twice the range of CM-708 UNA. This missile has a speed of mach 0.8-0.9. Like the CM-708 UNA, the CM-708 UNB is likely designed to target medium-to-large. The CM-708, encased in a torpedo like case, is shot out from the submarine’s torpedo tube, through the water and into the air. The missile then breaks free of its casing, fires its booster and then engine, and flies out to hit its target ship. The domestic version of the missile is (or will) likely be deployed aboard China’s conventional submarine fleet, which consists of 13 Song-class (Type 039) diesel-electric attack submarines and 13 more advanced Yuan-class (Type 039A) submarines equipped with air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems.  YJ 81   YJ 82  CM 708 UNA  YJ-83 (C802A) The YJ-83 (CSS-N-8 Saccade) is a subsonic anti-ship cruise missile. Developed by CASIC’s Third Academy, the YJ-83 is based on the YJ-8 but employs a different rocket motor, a turbojet with paraffin-based fuel. The YJ-83 has been in service on PLA Navy surface vessels for more than 20 years. With a well-established airframe and mature propulsion plant already in place, the YJ-83 benefitted from an exceptionally short development timeline and began flight-testing in 1997. Apparently the missile passed through its trials quickly, as it was reported to have reached IOC in 1998. It was formally announced in October 1999 at the National Day Military Parade, and it has slowly worked up to become the dominant ASCM in the PLAN inventory. The YJ-83 has been improved through a series of variants. The YJ-83A uses microprocessors and a strap down inertial reference unit (IRU); these are more compact than the equivalent electronics used in the YJ-8 and the export C-802, allowing the YJ-83A to have a 180-km range at Mach 0.9. The missile is powered by the Chinese CTJ-2 turbojet, and carries 190-kg high-explosive fragmentation warhead. Terminal guidance is by active radar. YJ-83A, exported as the C-802A, has “strong defense penetrating capability, high hitting accuracy, powerful warhead and easy operation and maintenance.” It is designed to attack a 5,000-ton destroyer with a radar cross section of at least 3,000 sqm. The YJ-83A can be launched from air-, ship-, and land-based platforms. It features “multiple flight paths and waypoints, sea skimming flight altitude, multiple antijamming capabilities, fire and forget and over-the-horizon attack capabilities.” The YJ-83A’s range is 180 km. For guidance, it uses a strap down inertial navigation system (INS) and employs a frequency agility radar and digital control to achieve a single-shot kill probability of 90 percent. Its response time is 9 minutes in cold and 30 seconds in hot. The YJ-83 had more internal volume (than Yj-8) available for fuel and a slightly larger semi-armor piercing warhead (190 kg vice 165 kg). These changes increased the maximum range of the YJ-83 and its export variant, the C802A, from 120 km to 180 km. The YJ-83has equipped a large number of its surface warships. The YJ-83K equips the Chengdu J-10, Xian JH-7 and H-6G. Specifications Status : In service Warhead : 165 kg Range : 120 km (ground/ship) and 130 km (air) Guidance : inertial/active radar for guidance. Speed : Mach 0.9 and it skims the sea at an altitude of 20 to 30 m. Variants YJ-83: Base Variant C-802A: export variant of surface launched YJ-83 C-802AK: export variant of air launched YJ-83(has a range of190 km). YJ-83K: air-launched anti ship variant (range 200 km). YJ-83KH has an electro-optical seeker, and may receive course corrections by remote link. YJ-83Q: Submarine-launched version?????? YJ-83K/ KD-88/CM802AKG There are three YJ-83K-based land attack missiles with a command data link, two versions of the KD-88 (one electro optic and the other probably IR-guided) and the electro optical homing CM802AKG. These missiles all showed up much later than the YJ-83. KD-88 The KD-88 (KongDi-88, official designation K/AKD88) is the land-attack version of the YJ-83K series air-launched subsonic sea-skimming anti-ship cruise missile. It is PLA’s second-generation standoff weapon, designed for use against fixed high-value targets. The first photos of the electro optical version of the KD-88 were posted in 2006. KD-88/88A can be carried by PLAN JH-7A (4 missiles) and J-15 against enemy surface ships. Its export version was first unveiled at 2016 Zhuhai Airshow as TL-17. It was reported in July & September 2018 that KD-88/88A can also be carried by J-10C (2) as well as J-16. Additional types of seeker including anti-radiation and MMW may be developed in the future. KD-88 has provided a much-needed enhancement to PLAAF's precision attack capability Variants KD-88: Base Variant with CCD TV Seeker. KD 88A: Variant with IIR seeker Alternatively the missile could be fitted with semi-active radar or infrared imaging seekers for all-weather, day/night operation capability. KD-88C? : A new variant with conformal data link antenna on top of the forward missile body for a longer range and/or a better HD image transmission. Specifications Propulsion : turbojet engine Speed : 0.8-0.85 Mach Range : 15-180 km. Warhead weighs : 320 kg. CM-802AKG CM-802 AKG is a passive infrared-homing version of the YJ 83. CM802AKG made its initial appearance at the Zhuhai Airshow China 2010 exposition.The missile uses infrared homing with datalink command input, and is capable of attacking targets both on land and in the sea. The missile has a launch weight of 670 kg and carries a heavier semi-armour-piercing HE warhead (285 kg), with a maximum range of 230km. C-802KD Land attack version of C802A Anti ship missile was introduced as C-802KD during the 2005 DSEI exhibition. Fitted with a semi-active radar-homing seeker, the missile could be used to attack both surface vessels and fixed land targets. Other features of the missile included on-off-on radar operation and multiple target selection capabilities. The missile had a launch weight of 600 kg and could deliver a 190 kg HE warhead to a maximum distance of 180 km.     YJ-85/C-805 The YJ-85, C-805 export name, is a supersonic, long-range, land-attack cruise missile variant of the YJ-8 anti-ship missile family. It is said that YJ-85 navigation system is based on a combination of GPS and terrain recognition YJ-91 YJ-91 is the Chinese version of the Kh-31. After purchasing 200 Kh-31Ps from Russia, China decided to develop its own version. The experience gained from YJ-91 also helped the engine development of another supersonic missile indigenously developed in China, YJ-12. Kh-31P uses a wide array of seekers to cover the entire radar frequency band. The Chinese were not satisfied with the requirement to include multiple seekers and preferred to have a single seeker capable of covering multiple frequency bands, like the AGM-88 HARM. The resulting anti-radiation version of YJ-91 missile has a slightly increased the range to 120 km in comparison to 110 km of the original Kh-31P.Addition to a seeker that covers multiple frequency bands, additional measures to upgrade the missile are in development, such as, an open software architecture. Additional measures reportedly include prioritizing threats, which could be uploaded to the onboard computer from the ground or by the pilots while in flight. Threats could then be updated in real time. The multi-band seeker is of higher priority. YJ-91 Anti-ship missile The Chinese have also developed an anti-ship version of the YJ-91 missile. However, this version is an indigenous development of the Chinese from the Kh-31P anti-radiation missile, and not from the Kh-31A anti-ship missile. China did not order any of the Kh-31A. The Chinese felt that the original Kh-31A could not fully satisfy their requirements, because the high-low trajectory of the missile meant early detection, thus it is prone to interception. In contrast, the low-low trajectory usually adopted by subsonic anti-ship missiles better uses the supersonic speed of Kh-31A. Such a trajectory shortens the detection range and the high-speed reduces the target’s reaction time, once the missile is detected. As a result, China did not order any Kh-31A anti-ship missiles. The resulting anti-ship version of the YJ-91 is capable of sea-skimming. Its cruising altitude is no more than 20 metre above sea level. At the terminal attack stage (usually after the active radar seeker of the missile is turned on), the missile drops to 7 metre above sea level. This attack altitude can be further reduced to just 1.2 metre above sea level, when the sea state allows. Alternatively, the missile can be programmed to popup-and-dive like that the Boeing Harpoon. However, such sea-skimming capability comes at the expense of maximum range: in comparison to the original 70 km range of the Kh-31A, the maximum range of YJ-91 anti-ship missile was reduced by more than a quarter to 50 km. Like the anti-radiation version, it is reported that many planned upgrades are in development. An application for research grants to develop a submerged launched version of YJ-91 anti-ship missile once appeared on Chinese websites on the Internet, indicating China is attempting to develop a version for its submarine fleet. Fighter like J10, J11B, and J 15 can carry YJ 91 Missiles Warhead : 90 kg Speed : > Mach 4.5 Minimum range : 5 km Maximum range : 50 km (anti-ship version), 120 km (anti-radiation version) Engine : ramjet with solid rocket fuel booster Guidance : active radar homing (anti-ship) & passive radar homing (anti-radiation)   YJ-12 YJ-12 is a family of air-launched, long-range, highly supersonic missiles designed to take out large surface ships, radar sites and ground-based targets protected by sophisticated air defense systems. YJ-12 resembles a lengthened Kh-31 and is close in shape to the GQM-163 Coyote aerial target. Its development started in the late 1990s or early 2000s under the management of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). YJ-12 employs a ramjet engine that allows it to cruise at supersonic speed Mach 2 to 3, or a maximum range of 280 to 400 kilometers depending on launch altitude. According to Chinese sources, the YJ-12 has a speed of around Mach 2 if launched from low altitude and up to Mach 3.2 if launched from high altitude. Achieving maximum performance at an altitude of 40 km (130,000 ft) and degrading as it gets lower. YJ-12 can also do evasive maneuvers to avoid anti-missile threats. The missile utilizes an inertial guidance system that is coupled with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The new missiles are also reportedly being refitted to the PLAN’s Sovremenny-class destroyers, which are based on Russian designs. It has been test-launched from Xian H-6 bombers and will be fitted on the JH-7B. Reportedly, they may also be launched from the J-10, Su-30MKK, the J-11, J-16, and JF-17?. For warships, it equips the Type 051B destroyer Specifications Status : In Service Range : 400Km Terminal attack altitude: 15 m Guidance : Inertial/GPS CEP : 5-7m Speed : Mach 2- Mach 3.2. Propulsion : combines a solid fuel rocket booster and a liquid fuel ramjet Warhead : 200kg, blast fragmentation/ penetration warhead Variants YJ-12: Air-launched variant YJ-12A: Ship-based variant, launched by rocket booster. YJ-12B: Land-based variant with 300 km range. YJ-12 ARM: anti-radiation missile derived from the YJ-12(Under Development?) YJ-12 ASM: air-to-surface standoff attack missile derived from the YJ-12(Under development?) YJ-12B: ground-based anti-ship missile system CM-400AKG: export version of the YJ-12 CM-302/YJ-12E: export version of the YJ-12 CM-400AKG The CM-400AKG is a smaller and lighter version of the YJ-12 anti-ship missile intended for use by tactical fighter aircraft such as the FC-1, J-10 and Su-30MKK/J-11. The missile is fitted with either a blast fragmentation or a penetration warhead to engage surface ships or fixed-position ground targets respectively. The propulsion system uses a solid fuel rocket motor. The CM-400AKG anti-ship missile has been ordered by the Air Forces of Pakistan and China. Pakistani air force officials described the missile as "an aircraft carrier killer". The missile can be launched when the aircraft reaches speeds of between 750&800Km/h. speed of the cruise missile is between 3.5to mach 4. It can be equipped with high explosive and armor piercing warheads. An important feature of the rocket is the "triple" guidance system. The missile can be fitted with an active radar seeker or an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker. Chinese claims this missile has a special flight profile. Specifications Range : 100–250 km. Weight : 400 kg War head : 150 kg blast warhead or 200 kg Penetration warhead. Terminal speed : Mach 4.5-5. Guidance : INS + GNSS + Passive Radar Seeker, potentially for anti-ship CEP : 5 m CM-302/YJ 12E CM-302 is an export version of the YJ-12. It is marketed as "the world's best anti-ship missile" that it is supersonic throughout its flight, can be launched from air, land, and naval platforms, can disable a 5,000-tonne warship, and be used in a land attack role. It was first unveiled In November 2016. Range : 280 km Warhead : 250 kg Guidance : active radar seeker /BeiDou Speed : Mach 1.5-2 and Mach 3 or higher during the terminal flight phase. YJ 12 ARM The YJ-12 ARM is an anti-radiation missile derived from the YJ-12 missile family and fitted with a passive radar seeker that covers the entire radiofrequency spectrum. The missile's complex navigation has been designed to hit a target even the radar has been shut down. This heavyweight missile is carried by either the H-6K bomber (two) and the JH-7B (one). It can reach a maximum speed of Mach 4, a maximum range of 400 kilometers carrying a 400/500 kg warhead YJ-12 ASM YJ-12 ASM is an air-to-surface standoff attack missile derived from the YJ-12 missile family and intended to hit land targets protected by sophisticated air defenses. A two-way data-link allowing re-targeting of missile while in-flight. The YJ-12 missile can be fitted with a variety of seekers depending on the target's profile. This heavyweight missile is carried by either the H-6K bomber and the JH-7B. It can reach a maximum speed of Mach 4, a maximum range of 400 kilometers carrying a 400/500 kg warhead. The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) has deployed the YJ-12 land attack missile fitted with a radar seeker. YJ-12B The YJ-12B is a ground-based anti-ship missile system deployed on 10x10 Tractor-Erector-Launcher (TEL) wheeled truck systems with each vehicle carrying three missiles. The YJ-12B specifications remain uncertain but its range might be greater than the basic YJ-12 missile while the speed may remain almost the same. It was deployed in early 2018 to protect the Spratly Islands and then it was shown to the public during the military parade in Beijing on October 1, 2019. Its primary goal is to target aircraft carriers and other large warships and supply vessels.  YJ 12 Air Launched Version   YJ-5 (HQ-61) China was seeking a replacement after the termination of Fenglei-7 anti-radar missile (FL-7), and it was decided to utilize HQ-61(SAM Missile) to develop an anti-radiation missile (ARM) to meet the urgent need. Development of most subsystems of FL-7 continued as research projects after the production was shelved, and these subsystems were mated with HQ-61 to create the anti-radar missile needed, and most experience was gained via the reverse engineering attempt of AGM-45 Shrike, and to a much less extend, that of AGM-78 Standard ARM. Samples of both missiles were mainly obtained from down American jets and provided to China by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, though several unexploded samples launched by American jets failed to detonate were also transferred. HQ-61 ARM is basically a HQ-61 missile equipped with the guidance and control system of FL-7. Due to the highly classified nature and small number produced, HQ-61 ARM is relatively unknown to the public and its YJ-5 designation is often erroneously identified as an anti-ship or land attack cruise missile, as most of other YJ series produced by China. Hongniao The Hong Niao series (HN-1/-2/-3) of short- and intermediate-range cruise missiles began development in the late 1970s. These ground-, ship-, submarine-, and air-launched cruise missiles were initially based on designs of the X-600, similar to the HY-2 Silkworm. The primary goal of the HN series was to create a nuclear-capable cruise missile with a range of 3,000 km HN-1 The HN-1 is reportedly a Chinese development of the native X-600 missile. Some sources believe it was based on the Kh-SD. In 1988, China built an improved missile based on the X-600, called the HN-1. Flight tests for the HN-1A started 1988, and are believed to have entered service around 1996. The air-launched HN-1B was first reported in June 2001, and is thought to enter into service a year later. The top priority of HN-1 development was to have a land attack cruise missile compact enough to be carried by the Xian H-6, which was successfully achieved, but the claims of the HN-1 being able to be carried by the Xian JH-7 has yet to be verified. It is reported that HN-1 missiles consist of two versions, the air-launched HN-1A and ground-launched HN-1B. The maximum range of the ground-launched version designated HN-1A, is 600 km. The maximum range of the air-launched version designated HN-1B, is 650 km. The missile cruises at around Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 20 m. The HN-1A version is believed to be launched from a Transporter-Erector-Launch (TEL) vehicle that is capable of carrying three missiles. The HN-1B version is air-launched from B-6D bombers, each of which carries two to four missiles. HN-2 The HN-2 is reportedly an upgraded version of HN-1. The HN-2 is widely believed to be based on reverse engineered U.S. Tomahawk technology. The engine for the HN-2 may be based on the Russian Omsk OKB-designed TRDD-50 engine that is used in both the Kh55 and RK-55 missiles. It carries a 20-90 kiloton warhead and a 400 kg warhead. The HN-2 was first flight tested in 1995 and entered into service in 2002. The primary improvement over the HN-1 missiles is an increase in range. The ground and ship-launched versions (HN-2A, HN-2B) both have a range of 1,800 km. A third version, the HN-2C, is submarine-launched and has a range of 1,400 km. Other improvements and changes include: a body diameter of 0.7 m, an increase in launch weight to 1,400 kg, an accuracy improvement to 5 m CEP, and an overall improvement of various systems including the guidance, engine, airframe, and wing design. Another improvement of HN-2 is that a high altitude approach mode is added. A U.S. report from 2010 stated that China possesses 200 to 500 nuclear armed operational HN-2 missiles.  HN-1 HN- 3 The HN-3 is an enlarged version of the Chinese HN-2. The HN-3 series of cruise missiles is likely based on the Russian AS-15B Kent and U.S. Tomahawk technologies. The HN-3A is a ground- or ship-launched missile with a maximum range of 3,000 km. A second variant, known as HN-3B, is submarine-launched and has a maximum range of 2,200 km. Other improvements and changes include a slight increase in body diameter to 0.75 m, an increased launch weight to 1,800 kg, and an increase in accuracy to 5 m CEP. The HN-3 was first flight tested in 1999 and entered into service in 2007. HN-2000 A stealthy, supersonic cruise/anti-ship missile has been reported under development. It is reported to be equipped with a millimeter wave active radar homing, infrared imaging mapping, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and Beidou satellite guidance. It has a CEP of as little as 1–3 meters and a range of 4000 km. However such a weapon is still said to be under development, with little information on them currently available.  HN 3? or HN 2000? HD-1 HD-1 is a supersonic land-attack and anti-ship missile. Chinese mining company Guangdong Hongda Blasting revealed technical details of HD-1, at the Airshow China 2018 in Zhuhai. The HD-1 is predicted to compete on the international defense market with the Indo-Russian joint venture BrahMos cruise missile. Beijing-based military analyst Wei Dongxu told local media that the HD-1’s solid fuel ramjet requires less fuel than other supersonic cruise missiles on the market, which could make it lighter, faster, and less expensive than the BrahMos. In a separate statement, Hongda claimed the HD-1 can be adapted to aircraft, ships, and ground-based vehicles. The missile weighs 2,200 kilograms, can fly as high as 15 kilometres and as low as 5-10 meters when sea skimming. The flight speed and altitudes of HD-1 make it very difficult to intercept. "It could be an awesome aircraft carrier killer. A saturated attack by the HD-1 can even demolish an entire fleet," wei said as reported by Global Times. The HD-1's capability has already surpassed early versions of the BrahMos, the reporter said quoting Wei. The HD-1's advanced solid fuel ramjet needs less fuel than its competitors, rendering the lighter missile able to fly faster and farther, Wei said. The company claimed that the time taken to prepare for the launch of the missile is less than 5 minutes and less than 10 seconds to launch a second missile. It also described that the missile can accurately hit ground and sea targets. The HD-1 can be launched from a land-based transport erection and launch vehicle (TEL). One TEL can be loaded with 6 missiles, which can be fired with a single push of a button. The vehicle adopts an 8x8 all-wheel chassis, making it very mobile and can withdraw within 3 minutes after launch, ensuring its strong battlefield survivability. The HD-1 is a comprehensive weapon system consisting of missile, launch, command and control, target indication and comprehensive support systems. The HD-1 can be adapted to aircraft and ships as well as the basic ground-based vehicle version, the company said. Along with the basic version, the company also unveiled the HD-1A, an HD-1 variant that can be launched in the air by fighter jets and bombers and has similar capabilities. The HD-1 can also be launched from a ship. Specifications Status : UnKnown Range : 290Km Warhead : 240-400Kg Propulsion : Integrated Ramjet/booster propulsion Flight Altitude : 15Km cruise, 5-10m Terminal Speed : 2.5 to 3.5 Mach Guidance : INS/Satellite, Terminal Radar/ Infrared guidance Launch Platform : Aircraft, Ship Sea-skimming altitude: 4.8-9.7 m. Pakistan might buy a supersonic missile (HD-1?) successfully test-fired by China which is said to be cost-effective and better than the BrahMos developed by India and Russia, Chinese state media reported.   YJ-62/C-602 YJ-62 is a highly subsonic, long-range, anti-ship missile developed by HaiYing Electro-Mechanical Technology Academy in China for use by surface ships. The YJ-62, was first deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in 2004 onboard the Type 052C destroyer. Despite using a similar designation, there are no ties between the YJ-62 and YJ-6 anti-ship missile. The YJ-62 active radar seeker uses an agile frequency antenna to better withstand the effects of electromagnetic jamming. The weapon has a similar general configuration to the Tomahawk family, but employs a unique fixed scoop inlet for the air breathing engine. The YJ-62 can be fitted with an alternative seeker to enable engagement of land targets. C-602 is the export name of YJ 62.The C-602 was revealed in September 2005, and displayed outside of China for the first time at the African Aerospace and Defense exhibition in 2006. YJ 62 is available in ship, sub, coastal battery and air launch configurations. YJ 62 is designed to sink or disable medium to large size ships. China has developed an improved YJ-62A variant with a 400 km range. The YJ-62 has been deployed on both ground- and ship-launchers and is currently fitted on China’s 8 Luyang II–class (Type 052C) destroyers. Some 120 units of a YJ-62C variant were reportedly deployed on mobile TELs at Fujian bases for use as coastal defense missiles, a role previously played by HY-1 and HY-2 missiles. Specifications Guidance : GPS/INS + active radar homing seeker with a monopulse antenna. Propulsion : Rocket motor for launch and a turbofan/turbojet engine for cruise. Flight altitude : 30 meters at cruise, 10 meters at terminal attack phase. Warhead : 210 Kg (YJ-62), 300Kg (C-602) Range : 400Km (YJ-62), 280Km (C-602) Flight Altitude : 7-10 Meter Terminal Max Speed : Mach 0.6-0.8 Launch Platform: TEL, Type 052C Destroyer CM-602G The CM-602G is a land-attack version of the C-602. It is advertised as having a range of 290 km, a 480 kg penetrating blast/fragmentation warhead, and an inertial guidance system using GPS data which may be augmented to provide man-in-the-loop control. The missile was revealed at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in 2012.  YJ-62  Russian Origin Missiles KH-31P The Kh-31P is the anti-radiation missile (ARM) developed by the Russian Zvezda Bureau, based on the Kh-31A (AS-17A) supersonic anti-ship missile. The PLA obtained some Kh-31P examples in the late 1990s, and has developed an indigenous version known as YJ-91 (YingJi-91). It is not known whether the YJ-91 production has been licensed by Russia. However, other sources suggested that the PLA imported some Kh-31P missiles from Russia between 2002 and 2004, possibly due to the delay in the YJ-91 development. The Kh-31P was designed to suppress enemy air defense systems and makes its early warning ‘blind’ by striking their radar. The Kh-31P entered service with the PLA around 2003-2004, offering an advanced medium-range standoff anti-radiation strike capability previously lacked by the force. The missile can be carried by its Su-30MKK Flanker-G fighter or the indigenous JH-7 fighter-bomber. The missile features a unique dual propulsion system designed by the Soyuz Design Bureau. First the missile is accelerated by its solid-fuel rocket engine to a speed of Mach 1.8, then the engine is discarded and the interior of the missile is converted into the combustion chamber of the missile’s jet engine. The latter accelerates the missile to a speed of almost Mach 4.5, while four air intake holes on the sides of the missile body open up. Specifications Propulsion : Ramjet + Integral Solid Rocket Booster Speed : Mach 4.5 Max Range : 110 Km Min Range : 15Km Guidance : L-112 E Passive Radar Homing D~F band KH-59 The Kh-59 (AS-13 Kingpost) is a standoff, TV-guided, medium-range air-to-surface missile developed by Russian Raduga Design Bureau. The missile was designed to engage large static ground targets such as bridges and buildings. First revealed in the 1991 Dubai Defence Exhibition, the Kh-59 missile is somewhat similar in concept to the U.S. AGM-84E SLAM. The PLA obtained the Kh-59 as a part of the Su-30MKK fighter acquisition package. Specifications Status : In Service Max Range : 50Km Warhead : 148Kg HE Propulsion : Solid Rocket booster Speed : 0.8 Mach Guidance : Inertial +TV terminal CEP : 2-3m Sea skimming altitude: 7m, 100-1000m above ground KH-29T The Kh-29 is the short-range air-to-surface missile designed by Russian Matus Bisnovat’s “Molniya” (Lightning) and Vympel Design Bureau in the 1980s. The missile is available in two variants: (Article 63) semi-active laser guided version designated Kh-29L, and (Article 64) TV-guided version designated Kh-29T. The PLAAF acquired Kh-29T missiles in 2002 from Russia, as part of the weapon package for the Su-30MKK fighters it ordered from Russia. The PLAAF ordered 2,000 Kh-29T missiles from Russia in July 2002 and received them in the same year. This may suggest that they came out of existing Russian Air Force inventory rather than new production. Kh-29 is intended primarily for use against larger battlefield targets and infrastructures such as industrial buildings, airports, depots and bridges. The T variant of the missile is fitted with a Tubus-2 television seeker, with automatic optical homing to a distinguishable object indicated by the pilot in the cockpit. The missile can be fired from altitudes from 200 m to 10,000 m, at the speeds between 600 and 1,250 km/h. At altitudes of 20 -500 m it is launched from horizontal flight, at altitudes 800-2,000 m from shallow dive and at 1,500-4,000 m (optimal altitudes) is launched from more step dive. However, some sources suggest that the launch altitude above 5,000 m is purely theoretical capability, without serious tactical use. Specifications Status : In Service CEP : 5-8m Warhead : 317Kg Propulsion : Solid Rocket. Max Range : 8-10Km Min Range : 3Km Speed : 1 Mach Guidance : TV Seeker 3M-80MBE/E Moskit (SS-N-22) The first operational PLAN ASCM was the erstwhile Soviet/ Russian Raduga P-270/3M-80E Moskit/SS-N-22 Sunburn on two Sovremenny Class DDGs. The Chinese variant, 3M-80MBE differs from the original 3M-80E with a range of 240 km over 220 km respectively. The Chinese financed the development of the Moskit for the PLAN which boasts a speed of Mach 3 and a 320 kg warhead. It is certain that the Chinese employed the technology for their subsequent missile development programs Status : Retired Range: min : 10–12 km, Max 140Km Cruising altitude : 10 – 20 m (low-altitude trajectory), 7 m in terminal stage. Warhead : 300Kg penetrator 3M-54E/E1 Klub (SS-N-27) The SS-N-27 “Sizzler” (3M54) is a Russian short-range ship-, and submarine-launched anti-ship missile. The Sizzler is part of the Kalibr family of missiles and has several export versions known as the ‘Klub’ missile series. The People's Liberation Army Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for its Kilo class submarines Conclusion Even though china has developed a large variety of cruise missiles through, reverse engineering, copying and illegal Transfer of technology still Chinese cruise missiles are inferior to Indian cruise Missiles. BrahMos and its variants, Nirbhay , and acquired SCALP , Harpoon is much better than anything in the Chinese arsenal . China significantly out numbers India in terms of no of cruise missiles, CJ 10 alone may go up to 1000 in Numbers (Not confirmed). India may have more than 600 BrahMos (approximate) cruise missiles in navy and army service. Indian UnderWater CapabilitiesSUBMARINES ~16 India is currently planning a fleet of nuclear powered submarines. But unlike other nuclear navies, India will not go all-nuclear. Instead India will go for a mix of nuclear and diesel electric submarines. Conventional diesel-electric boats will be an important pillar of India’s submarine capability. SSBN Arihant Class 1 operational INS Arihant(S2) The Arihant program goes back more than three decades, to the vaguely named Advanced Technology Vessel. Begun in 1974, ATV was broadly conceived as a project to research nuclear propulsion and, down the road, field an indigenously developed and constructed nuclear-powered submarine. The program was collaboration between the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, the Indian Navy and the Indian government’s Defense Research Development Centre. The Indian Navy and the DRDO together designed the submarine. Once the design was finalized detailed engineering was implemented at L&T’s submarine design centre using 3D modeling and product data management software. Tata Power designed the control systems for the submarine. Walchandnagar Industries, a company specializing in execution of heavy engineering projects, designed parts of the steam turbine. Hull began construction in 1998 at Visakhapatnam, but could not be completed due to the lack of a working reactor. Arihant’s design is based on the Russian Akula-1 Class submarine. It weighs 6,500t. At a length of 110m and breadth of 11m, Arihant is the longest in the Indian Navy’s fleet of submarines and can accommodate a crew of 95. It is the smallest ballistic-missile submarine in the world, with the possible exception of the North Korean Gorae class. The submarine’s exterior is uneven and the hull is placed on a mat covered with tiles. The tiles help in absorbing sound waves and provide stealth capability to the submarine. Compared to conventional submarines, the conning tower of Arihant is situated near the bow instead of the centre. The central part of the submarine’s body consists of the outer hull and an inner pressurized hull. The starboard side consists of two rectangular vents that draw in water when the submarine submerges into sea. The forward section of the hull is based directly upon the Russian KILO Class diesel attack submarine. The upper sonar casing and torpedo tube arrangement look to be identical. The sail is also essentially similar although necessarily raised slightly because the casing gets deeper as it goes aft to accommodate the main missile silos. The forward hydroplanes are remounted on the sail rather than on the forward casing, which also entails minor rearrangements, but overall the sail can be said to be the same hat of the KILO. It features an open bridge at the top, a bad-weather bridge with windows and a sonar array in the forward part of the sail. The distance from the bow to the sail is also the same as on the KILO, another telling observation. The design is largely indigenous but has benefited from Russian assistance and borrows parts of the forward hull design from the KILO Class. A significant progress in the development of Arihant took place when the land-based pressurized water reactor became operational in 2004 at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, Chennai. Following this, miniaturization of the land-based PWR had to be carried out to enable it to fit into a confined space in the submarine. The reactor consists of 13 fuel assemblies each having 348 fuel pins. The 85 MW PWR fuelled by HEU driving a 70 MW steam turbine. It is reported to have cost $2.9 billion and was to be commissioned in 2016. The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by the nuclear reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged. Several companies supplied components of the reactor. High grade steel supplied by Heavy Engineering Corporation, Ranchi was used to build the reactor vessel. The steam generator was provided by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL); and Audco India, Chennai built the pressure valves. The PWR consists of a huge pressure hull, a tank containing water and a reactor. It also consists of a pressure vessel built from unique steel, a control room as well as an auxiliary control room. The propulsion plant housing the reactor is 42m long and 8m in diameter. The complete propulsion plant along with the primary, secondary, electrical and propulsion systems occupy half of the submarine. To reduce the weight of the plant, light water and enriched uranium was used as opposed to non-enriched uranium used in land-based reactors. Arihant was launched for sea trials on 26 July 2009. The trials are being conducted at a concealed test area called ‘Site Bravo’. During harbor acceptance trials, the nuclear power plant and auxiliary systems of the submarine was tested for stability. The most crucial part of the trials was the firing of the reactor. Arihant is fitted with a combination of two sonar systems – Ushus and Panchendriya. Ushus is state-of-the-art sonar meant for Kilo Class submarines. Panchendriya is a unified submarine sonar and tactical control system, which includes all types of sonar (passive, surveillance, ranging, intercept and active). It also features an underwater communications system. In October 2018, the veil of secrecy around the programme was lifted for the first time when India acknowledged that INS Arihant, had completed its first deterrence patrol. Arihant may have quietness in the level of Akula 1 class submarines of Russia. Some expert’s believes it may be quite as Akula 2nd class submarines. No official information is available about Indian Nuclear submarines.  Weapons Arihant is capable of carrying all types of missiles. It can carry 12 K-15 SLBMs that can be launched even under ice caps. Apart from the K-15s, the submarine will carry a range of anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles and torpedoes. Apart from K15 Arihant can carry four K-4 missiles (3,500 km). The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles Sensors Arihant is fitted with a combination of two sonar systems – Ushus and Panchendriya. Ushus is state-of-the-art sonar meant for Kilo Class submarines. USHUS USHUS is an integrated sonar system developed by the Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). USHUS is used to detect, localize, and classify underwater submerged and surface targets through passive listening, interception of signals and active transmissions of acoustics signals. Its passive sonar has preformed beams in azimuth and in three vertical directions using ASICS. It can auto track six targets and its active sonar has CW and LFM modes of transmission. Its intercept sonar can provide early warning long range target detection, all round coverage in three bands, FFT, and Spectral processing. The underwater communication system has multiple mode acoustic communication in dual frequency to meet NATO and other requirements, voice, telegraph, data, and message modes of operation. Its obstacle avoidance sonar is a high frequency short range sonar with rectangular transducer array and its transmission covers three sectors of 30° each. USHUS is reported to be superior to its Russian equivalents. FEATURES
PASSIVE SONAR
ACTIVE SONAR
INTERCEPT SONAR
UNDER WATER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE SONAR
  INS Arighat (S3) INS Arighat is the second Arihant-class submarine. It is the second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine built by India. It is built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to build nuclear submarines at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam. It has the code name S3. Arighat may be slightly bigger and better-armed than INS Arihant. In January 2012, it was announced that she would be launched in late 2012 or early 2013. In December 2014 it was reported that work on the second nuclear sub-reactor had begun and possibly by early 2016 she will be launched. In October 2017, it was reported that she would be launched in November or December and would undergo outfitting. The launch took place on 19 November 2017. The ship would undergo extensive sea trials for three years before being commissioned into the Indian Navy. INS Arighat will be ready for induction in Indian Navy by mid of this year since it is nearing its sea trials. The boat has one seven-blade propeller powered by a pressurized water reactor. It can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when on surface and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged. The submarine has four launch tubes in its hump, just like her predecessor. She can carry up to 12 K-15 Sagarika missiles, or four of the under-development K-4 missiles. Weapons
Sensors USHUS (May be USHUS 2) USHUS 2 USHUS-2 is an Integrated Submarine Sonar System which physically and functionally replaces the MGK-400 and MGK-519 Sonars on four EKM classes of submarines. USHUS-2 is a state of the art upgrade of NPOL designed sonar USHUS in terms of the technology and sonar capabilities. USHUS is operational onboard five of the nine frontline EKM submarines of Indian Navy. USHUS-2 is a world class sonar suite, tailored for the remaining four EKM classes of submarines. USHUS-2 sonar suite includes Passive Sonar, Active Sonar, Intercept Sonar, Obstacle Avoidance Sonar and Underwater Telephony. The USHUS-2 Sonar Suite has been designed and developed by NPOL and productionised by M/s. Bharat Electronics. USHUS-2 is currently in installation phase in IN designated platforms. USHUS 2 will replace the remaining Russian sonars on Sindhughosh class, of submarines. USHUS 2 has a range of more than 30Km. The sonars are the eyes and ears of a submarine. The primary purpose of the sonar is to detect, localise and attack enemy warships and submarines. It is also essential for safe navigation. USHUS-2 is essentially a suite of multiple sensors for passive and active detection, which collates different characteristics of the same target and provides data for engaging the target. The constituent sonars in the suite include passive sonar, active sonar, intercept sonar, obstacle avoidance sonar and underwater telephony. The sonar suite incorporates advanced signal processing techniques and state-of-the-art hardware platforms. The system provides advanced classification features, contact motion analysis and automatic torpedo detection capabilities. It has been entirely manufactured by Indian industry. The system provides advanced classification features, contact motion analysis and automatic torpedo detection capabilities. USHUS-2 sonar suite includes
USHUS-2 will replace USHUS Sonar system in other nuclear submarines as well.    Panchendriya S4 Nuclear Ballistic missile submarine was only known by its internal code name as S4 is ready for its sea trials by end of 2020. S4 is an extended Arihant class design that has twice the weapons carrying capability than the Arihant class. According to media reports S4 is twice the size of the Arihant class nuclear submarines and can carry twice the number of nuclear-armed medium-range missiles like K-4 SLBM. S4 can carry 8 K-4 SLBM with a range of 3500km or 24 K-15 SLBM with a range of over 800km in its 8 vertical launch tubes and Possibly K5 SLBM which is under development and will have a range of 5000Km. . S4 is expected to be officially inducted into Navy by 2022. S4 will be fitted with State-of-art sonar integrated sonar system USHUS (may be USHUS 2) sonar developed by Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) of the Defense Research and Development Organization . The submarine will also have Panchendriya sonar which is a unified submarine sonar and tactical control system, and it includes all types of sonar (passive, surveillance, ranging, intercept, obstacle avoidance and active).It is used for detecting and tracking enemy submarines, surface vessels, and torpedoes and can be used for underwater communication and avoiding obstacles. The hull will feature twin flank-array sonars and Rafael broadband expendable anti-torpedo countermeasures. Weapons
S4* As per some reports, S4 sister class ship called S4* (Star) will be ready for sea trials by 2022 and induction by 2024. S4 and S4* will be SSBMs which largely will be getting K-4 and K-5 SLBM missiles, K-5 SLBM is a new missile 9under development and reportedly has a range of 5000km, while DRDO already got approvals to design and develop K-6 SLBM which has a range of 8000km to be armed on S5 Class Nuclear Ballistic missile submarines which India plans to construct after completion of S4*. Weapons
S5 S5 Class Nuclear Ballistic missile submarines which India plans to construct after completion of S4*. S5 will be first in lead class next generation Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine which will have a surface displacement of 13000 tonnes and will be nearly double the size of S4 and S4* SSBM . S-5 SSBN Scale model reveals information in radical design changes which new submarine will have. Mast: Unlike Arihant class which had clear Russian influence in the design of its Mast, S-5 has design influence of Vanguard-class SSBN operated by Royal Navy and has a Short Mast unlike seen in Arihant which also has dividing rudder design. The mast is usually the place where all above water sensors are combined into self-protection masts in the submarine’s fin. Forward Hydroplane: Forward Hydroplane has seen in S5 design is again influenced by Vanguard-class SSBN which is located in the forward section and not placed on Mast. Silo Hump: This is where Vanguard-class SSBN influences stops and Silo Hump as seen in the scale model is more influenced by the Russian Delta-IV class submarine which might have something to do with design influence also with S5. First S5 SSBN will go in construction in 2022 onwards once dry docks are vacated currently occupied by S4 and S4*. S5 will feature 190MW Pressurized water reactor (PWR) which is already under research and design by BARC and it has been reported that same 190MW PWR will also be used to power India’s six Next Generation Nuclear attack Submarines when design goes critical in 2025. S5 will be equipped with 16 K-6 SLBM and will be ready for induction into Indian Navy by 2030. The submarine will enter service by 2030. 3 submarines will be built in the beginning, with another 3 planned over the next decade (Six). The submarine will most likely be propelled by a ducted pump jet propulsor which emits less noise and is thus more difficult to detect via sonar. A new material for the hull is being developed by the Mishra Dhatu Nigam, and this will be able to withstand the tremendous amounts of pressure and with anti-sonar properties key to the S5’s performance. Along with the S5, the INS Varsha, the heavily fortified submarine pen, is a very closely guarded secret. With its nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, India may finally catch up with the established nuclear powers in terms of global reach.   TACTICAL 15 SSN ~1 Chakra (ex-RUS Akula II) Nerpa (K-152) The construction of the Nerpa submarine was started in 1993, but was then suspended due to lack of funding. The Indian Navy sponsored the building and sea trials of the submarine provided it was given to the Indian Navy on lease for 10 years. It was launched as K-152 Nerpa in October 2008 and entered service with the Russian Navy in late 2009. The submarine was leased to the Indian Navy in 2011 after extensive trials, and was formally commissioned into service as INS Chakra II at a ceremony in Visakhapatnam on 4 April 2012. The INS Chakra joined the Eastern Naval Command at Visakhapatnam. INS Chakra SSN offers the flexibility of a wide range of responses, which have marked a paradigm shift in submarine operations. The submarine is equipped with an array of state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, which enable the submarine to undertake diverse roles and participate in various fleets, tactical and theatre level exercises. Chakra has played a pivotal role in laying strong foundations of nuclear and radiation safety procedures, quality maintenance and high standards of professional competence. ‘Chakra’ has been named after the mythological weapon of Lord Vishnu. The crest design depicts a Yellow Chakra on Blue and White Sea waves with Sky Blue background. INS Chakra is powered by a 190 MW reactor and can reach speeds of over 30 knots. The vessel is manned by 80 crew members and is equipped with tactical missiles, a new fire control systems, sonar’s and contemporary optronic periscopes and surveillance systems.The INS Chakra displaces about 12,000 tons. It can go upto a depth of 600 metres. INS Chakra is one of the quietest nuclear submarines around, with noise levels next to zero. The submarine has a double-hulled configuration with a distinctive high aft fin. The hull has seven compartments and the stand-off distance between the outer and inner hulls is considerable, reducing the possible inner hull damage. The very low acoustic signature has been achieved by incremental design improvements to minimize noise generation and transmission – for example, the installation of active noise cancellation techniques.  INS Chakra is powered by a 190 MW reactor and can reach speeds of over 30 knots. The vessel is manned by 80 crew members and is equipped with tactical missiles, a new fire control systems, sonar’s and contemporary optronic periscopes and surveillance systems.The INS Chakra displaces about 12,000 tons. It can go upto a depth of 600 metres. INS Chakra is one of the quietest nuclear submarines around, with noise levels next to zero. The submarine has a double-hulled configuration with a distinctive high aft fin. The hull has seven compartments and the stand-off distance between the outer and inner hulls is considerable, reducing the possible inner hull damage. The very low acoustic signature has been achieved by incremental design improvements to minimize noise generation and transmission – for example, the installation of active noise cancellation techniques.  Weapons 3M14E Klub-S (SS-N-30) LACM The 3M-14, part of Russian contractor Novator’s Club-A series, is a land attack cruise missile. The land attack variant is designed to strike pre-programmed targets such as seaports, airfields, and command posts. The missile is modular with five versions: two anti-shipping models, one for land attack and two anti-submarine variants. The 3M14E (E for export) Klub is a reduced range (~300 km) version of the 3M14 Kalibr. The missile is believed to fly 64 ft above the sea and 164 ft above the ground at speeds up to 965 km/hour. It is believed to be guided, using GPS and terminal-phase active radar seekers to achieve a reported three m CEP. Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It has a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.  3M54E (right) and 3M14E (left) 3M54E Klub-S (SS-N-27 Sizzler) AShM The Klub/Club is a family of modular, two-stage, multi-purpose missiles intended to engage ships, submarines and targets onshore. Club is the designation used for the export versions.The Klub missiles can be launched from surface ships and submarines employing canisters, torpedo tubes and VLS. The missile can follow a ballistic or a low and medium altitude cruise trajectory pattern depending on the Klub missile version. They have been designed to destroy targets protected by sophisticated active air defenses and countermeasures. The Club-N designation applies to missile variants employed by surface vessels which launch this kind of weapon through Vertical Launch System (VLS). The Club-S refers to submarine applications which utilize torpedo tubes to fire the weapon out of the submarine. This family of missiles entered service in 2001 within the Russian Armed Forces and is also aimed at export customers worldwide. The Caliber designation refers to the missile complex deployed on Russian Navy vessels to engage a variety of targets. The missile is a modular system with five versions: two anti-shipping types, one for land attack and two anti-submarine types. The missile is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship using a Vertical Launch System (VLS). It has a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarine torpedo tube has no need for such an addition but has a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container that is dropped as the missile launches, detaching from the container. The 3M-54E Club-S is a submarine launched anti-ship missile capable of penetrating ships' sophisticated air defenses. It features a booster, a cruise low-altitude subsonic sustainer and a supersonic terminal stage which activates at 60 km from target after the cruise stage drops. Its guidance system is based on inertial navigation system with end-game active radar homing. Its basic length is 8.2 m, with a 200 kg warhead. Its range is 220 km. It is a sea-skimmer with a supersonic terminal speed and a flight altitude of 4.6 metres (15 ft) at its final stage is 2.9 mach.  Four single 650mm TT with T-65 The Type 65 is a torpedo developed by Russia. Indian navy using the modified version Type 65-76A torpedo. Type 650mm 65-76A torpedo is one of the most powerful of its kind around, packs enough explosive punch to blow an aircraft carrier out of the water. The 65-76 caliber torpedos are absolutely one-of-a-kind in terms of speed, range and yield. The whole set consists of three torpedoes and a hydro-acoustic jammer. The 65-76A 650mm long-range self-homing anti-ship torpedo, also known as ‘Kit’ (‘Whale’) was developed during the mid-1980s and was inducted into the Navy in 1991.The upgraded version of the 65-76 torpedo, the Whale is 11 meters long, moves at 50 knots (57.5 miles an hour) and has a maximum range of 62 miles(100Km) . Type 65 76A has range 50 Km at 93km/h, 100Km at 56km/h. it uses active/passive sonar and wire guidance. Warhead 450/557 Kg high explosives. Propulsion probably gas turbine powered by hydrogen peroxide kerosene and compressed air fuel. Driven by contra rotating propellers.  A Type 65-76A torpedo in a museum against the wall with cut outs to show internal components. Chakra 3 India and Russia signed an inter-governmental deal for leasing of another nuclear-powered attack submarine for the Indian Navy for a period of 10 years, military sources said. Under the pact, Russia will have to deliver the Akula class submarine, to be known as Chakra III, to the Indian Navy by 2025. This new attack submarine will replace Indian Navy's INS Chakra 2 whose lease is expiring in the year 2022. Chakra III will replace the Chakra II submarine already in service with Indian Navy from 2012. It will be K 322 Kashalot which will turn into Chakra 3. K-322 Kashalot is an akula 2nd class submarine. The submarine was laid down on September 5, 1986 at Amur Shipyard in under the name of K-322; launched on July 18, 1987; commissioned into Pacific Fleet on March 1, 1989; renamed into Kashalot on April 13, 1993. K-322 Kashalot is amuch older submarine than the current Chakra II in service with Indian Navy, but it will be equipped with latest technologies. Russia had offered India K-322 Kashalot in 2015 to replace Chakra II which will complete its 10-year lease in 2022. After overhauling it will be more capable than current chakra 2 SSN. Chakra 3 will have India specific enhancements and will include Indian systems. Chkara 3 will be getting a new generation nuclear reactor and Russia may ready to transfer the technology to India. SSN Programme In February 2015, the Indian government approved the indigenous construction of six nuclear-powered attack submarines at the Ship Building Center (SBC) in Visakhapatnam. A patrol by a Shang-class submarine in the Indian Ocean prompted the revival of a plan to build six nuclear-powered attack submarines. The estimated cost of the project is pegged at 1.2 lakh crores (US$5 billion). These will be designed by the Navy’s in-house Directorate of Naval Design and indigenously built in the Shipbuilding Center at Visakhapatnam. The initial design phase for the new boats has progressed successfully and more resources will now be deployed to move to the more complex detailed design and construction to be undertaken by the Directorate of Naval Design (Submarine Design Group) with assistance from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). These SSNs will be armed with conventional missiles and torpedoes. It is anticipated the design would be as for a modern SSN and the construction would be on lines similar to that of the INS Arihant with an improved Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) designed nuclear reactor at Defence Research and Development Organisation’s (DRDO) Ship Building Centre (SBC) in Vishakhapatnam under the Advanced Technology Project (ATV) under a strategic Public Private Partnership (PPP). The project is being worked out under a Naval Vice Admiral. Larsen & Toubro (L&T) is the PPP construction partner for INS Arihant and successive submarines. Mishra Dhatu Nigam (MIDHANI) is developing a new hull material that is expected to allow the submarine to dive into deeper depths than the Arihant class. A scaled down model of the submarine is planned to be tested in the near future. Shishumar Class (GER T-209/1500) (~4) The Shishumar class vessels are diesel-electric submarines. These submarines are developed by the German yard Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW).The first two of these vessels were built by HDW at Kiel, while the remainder have been built at Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) Mumbai. . These submarines are a lengthier and heavier Indian variant of the Type 209 submarines developed by the German yard Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) under the internal designation Type 1500. The 4 boats of the Shishumar class include some customized features including a larger diameter of the pressure hull, a pressure-resistant bulkhead, as well as an IKL-designed integrated escape system. The escape sphere has accommodations for the entire 40 men crew with an eight-hour air supply. This sphere can withstand the same pressure as the hull, and is outfitted for short term survival and communications. The ships were commissioned between 1986 and 1994. These submarines have a displacement of 1660 tons when surfaced, a speed of 22 knots (41 km/h), and a complement of 40 including eight officers. These submarines are 65 meters long with an 8-meter-wide beam. They can remain submerged for about 50 days without surfacing. Their weapons systems are capable of firing torpedoes. All four of the Shishumar-class vessels have undergone refits since they were commissioned. Range (surface) is 11,000 nmi (20,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h). Range (snorkel) is 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h). Range (submerged) is 400 nmi (700 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h). Upgrade Programs The Shishumar class boats already underwent a midlife refit from 1999 to 2005. Some of the improvements included a retrofit of the French Eledone sonar and an Indian action data system. On 29 June 2016, the Indian Navy signed a contract with Germany’s ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) to upgrade two of the four Shishumar-class diesel-electric attack submarines. TKMS worked on the retrofitting of two submarines of the class in 2016: the INS Shalki and the INS Shalkul, under a $ 38.4 million contract with the Indian Navy. That upgrade also extended their operational life for ten years. The upgrade is also being carried out by Mazagon Dock, Mumbai. Under this upgrade, the boats are being fitted with a Boeing weapons suite of UGM-84L Harpoon Block encapsulated anti-ship missile systems. The new weapons package includes 12 UGM-84L Harpoon Block II Encapsulated Missiles, 10 UTM-84L Harpoon Encapsulated Training missiles, and 2 Encapsulated Harpoon certification training vehicles. Additionally, Atlas Elektronik modernized the combat and sensor systems of these submarines. On 28 September 2018, India contracted TKMS again for an upgrade on the INS Shishumar . The contract is for a mid life refit and life certification (MRLC) of the 32-year-old submarine. The upgrade will be completed by 2021. The contract includes new equipment delivery, maintenance of systems & components, on-site technical support & logistical services in form of documentation, training and spare parts. It will also provide life certification warranty of the INS Shishumar’s pressure hull for the next decade. The upgrade will extend the operational life of the submarine by 10 years. This contract is just the latest in a series of upgrade contracts for the Shishumar class submarines. A similar upgrade for another vessel of Shishumar class to follow (INS Shankush).  Sensors
Hensoldt Optronics has upgraded the Shishumar (HDW Type-209) class submarines with a combination of OMS-100/110 optronic mast and the SERO-400 direct view periscope. The dual-axis stabilised OMS 110 sensor package incorporates a high-resolution TV camera, a mid-wave thermal camera. The SERO 400 family uses direct view optics, providing an experienced observer with detailed recognition, especially with regard to colour fidelity and the recognition of coloured position lights. The binocular eyepiece also helps the observer to gain a certain spatial impression of the scene observed, which is not possible with any two-dimensional image display on a monitor. It encapsulates high performance direct view optics, TV camera, Laser Range Finder, antenna providing ESM/DF, V/UHF communication and GPS. Weapons The 3rd and 4th boats of the Shishumar class, S46 INS Shakti and S47 INS Shankul, received an upgrade in 2016 by to be fitted with Harpoon missiles. Shishumar class submarines can also carry 24 external strap-on mines. UGM-84L Harpoon Block II The Harpoon is all weather, subsonic, over the horizon, anti-ship missile which can be launch from surface ships, submarines and aircraft. Its guidance system consists of a 3-axis integrated digital computer/ radar altimeter for midcourse guidance, and an active radar seeker for the terminal phase of the flight. The Harpoon Block II is an improved version of the Harpoon missile and is able to strike land-based targets and ships in littoral environments. The Block II incorporated the GPS/INS guidance system of the JDAM bombs and the mission computer, software, and GPS antenna employed by the SLAM ER missile. The missile carries a 224 kg warhead.The multi-mission Block II can be launched from submarines and surface ships such as fast patrol boats, destroyers and frigates.  UGM-84 Harpoon was launched from a Submarine AEG SUT mod 1 The AEG SUT 264 is a German 21 inch heavyweight torpedo produced by Atlas Elektronik which entered service in 1967. It is a Wire-guided, active/passive homing torpedo. AEG-SUT Mod-1 torpedo has the range of some 30 kilometer at the speed of some 35 knots.. The torpedo carries a 250-kt (551-lb) HE warhead. The max speed of the torpedo is 35 kts and its range is 28 km (17.4 miles) at 23 kts and 12 km (7.5 miles) at 35 kts. In 2013 OEM Atlas Elektronik was contracted to upgrade the 64 SUTs remaining in Indian service. The upgrade programme will essentially extend the life of the torpedoes by at least 15-17 years.  Sindhughosh-Class (Type 877EM (6)) (Type 877 EKM (2)) India possesses eight Sindhughosh-class diesel-electric attack submarines. These Kilo-class units act as the mainstay of India’s submarine fleet and are being progressively retrofitted to accommodate the Klub/3M-54E Alfa cruise missile system. The final unit was the first to be equipped with the Klub antiship cruise missiles with a range of 220 km. These submarines are 72.6 meters long with a 9.9-meter-wide beam and can travel up to 18 knots when submerged. They can remain submerged for about 45 days without surfacing. Their weapons systems are capable of firing torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. The submarines have a displacement of 3,000 tonnes, a maximum diving depth of 300 meters, top speed of 18 knots, and are able to operate solo for 45 days with a crew of 53. The Kilo class features a water-drop shape double hull with a T-shape stern rudder and a single large shaft. A pair of bow planes is located close to the midship on the upper hull in front of the sail. With a reserve buoyancy of 32%, the submarine consists of six watertight compartments separated by transverse bulkhead in a pressured double hull, which increases the survivability of the submarine, even with one compartment and adjacent ballast tanks flooded. The command and control and fire-control systems are located in the main control room which is sealed off from other compartments. The submarine is a single-shaft vessel with a double hull. The bow planes are positioned close to the midship to improve the performance of the sonar. To reduce the submarine’s acoustic signature, the flooding ports have been removed from the forebody. It also has a new gas-freeing system and the hull is covered with rubber anti-sonar protection tiles to reduce the risk of detection. To reduce the submarine’s acoustic signature, the flooding ports are removed from the forebody, and the hull is covered with rubber anechoic tile to reduce its noise level. Nicknamed the “Black Hole” by many in the submarine community, the Improved Kilos are extremely quiet. In 2015, Malabar naval exercise, between the navies of India and the United States, involved INS Sindhudhvaj and USS City of Corpus Christi hunting each other. Sindhudhvaj managed to track Corpus Christi and score a simulated kill without being detected. INS Sindhuvijay was used Indian made sonar USHUS to detect US Submarine. Two ou of Ten of the original Kilos are already out of service; INS Sindhurakshak suffered a major fire and explosion on 14 August 2013 and later the submarine was sunk in 3000 meters of water in the Arabian Sea during June 2017. India handed over one Sindhughosh submarine INS Sindhuvir to Myanmar Navy. Upgrade Programme On 29 August 2014 DAC cleared the long-awaited mid-life upgrade of the four Kilo-class submarines, which carried out in Indian shipyards. In December 2015, L&T was chosen by the Russian shipbuilder Sevmash to be its Indian partner in the refit project. While the first of the four Kilo class subs went to the Russian Zvezdochka shipyard for inspection and refit, the remaining three were modernized at the Kattupalli shipyard. Upgrade the extended their operational life by 35 years.  INS Sindhukesari  Weapons 6 single 533mm TT with 53-65KE Torpedo 53-65 - Soviet heavy torpedo designed to fight surface units, equipped with a homing system to aim the target along its track . Due to the used oxidizer in the form of 85–98% high-test peroxide (HTP) hydrogen peroxide , it is one of the most dangerous torpedoes in the world to store and use. 53-65KE is wake-homing; 2,200 kg total mass; 200kg warhead; up to 40 km range; up to 500 m depth of search. The 53-65KE is an exported version. China received an unknown number of 53-65KE torpedoes from Russia after purchasing 4 Kilo class submarines in the 1990s.  TEST-71ME TEST-71M is an autonomous and remotely controlled torpedo designed to engage either surface ships or submerged submarines. Sealed into a nitrogen filled container and featuring an electric propulsion system can be launched from both ships (TEST-71M-NK) and submarines (TEST-71M and TEST-71M-NK). Both torpedoes feature proximity (electromagnetic and/or acoustic) fuzes and two impact fuzes. Its electric propulsion system provides a maximum range of 20,000 meters and two speed modes to minimize interferences with the launcher ship's sonar system. The TEST-71M's homing head has a maximum detection range of 1,000 meters compared to 1,500 meters in the improved TEST-71M-NK torpedo. The TEST-71M-NK/TEST-71ME-NK torpedo has been selected as the replacement for 53-65SK torpedoes onboard Project 877EKM submarines. In addition to the initial prototype, was developed TEST-71 4 variant is more TEST 71M, TEST 71MK, TEST 71ME-NK and TEST 3. Among them, only variations TEST 71ME-NK is capable of versatile attack. TEST-71ME-NK has 533 mm diameter, 7.93 m long, weight 1.820 kg; warhead weighs 205 kg and has a great advantage is equipped with 2 fuses different: it needs to target (acoustics and magnetic field) and hit explosion. Torpedo operations are controlled by wireless remote, semi-active probes and transducers for sonar target detection range up to 1.5 km. TEST-71ME-NK propulsion system is equipped with 2 dual propeller, 48km/h cruise speed and increased to 74 km/h in the final stages, 20 km long range attack at a depth of up to 400m.    SET-65E The SET-65 is a heavyweight torpedo of Soviet origin. It is an acoustic homing torpedo introduced in 1965 for use against submarines, including deep diving nuclear submarines. SET-65 is launched from both surface ships and submarines. It is fitted with an electric motor and over time various homing systems were developed. The SET-65 is a free running torpedo and serves as the basis for the TEST-71 series of wire guided torpedoes. SET-65E is Export model of the SET-65 torpedo. It is an electrical (Silver zinc battery) Torpedo with active acoustic guidance. The range of the homing system was about 880 yards (800 m). It has a range of 16Km at 40kt speed. Can be used up to 400m depth. Warhead contains 205 kg explosive charge. 3M54E Klub  SET 65A  SET 65 Kalvari Class (Scorpène) (2 operational) (Project P 75) The Kalvari Class is an Indian Navy specific version of the French Scorpène design. Currently 2 are in service, 2 more are on trials and 2 are under construction. Together with the Project-75I type they will replace the ageing Shishumar class (German Type-209) and Sindhughosh class (Russian Kilo). It has a length of 67.5 m (221 ft), height of 12.3 m (40 ft), overall beam of 6.2 m (20 ft) and a draught of 5.8 m (19 ft). It can reach a top speed of 20 kn (37 km/h) when submerged and a maximum speed of 11 kn (20 km/h) when surfaced. The submarine has a range of 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) at 8 kn (15 km/h) when surfaced. The state-of-art features of the Scorpene include superior stealth and the ability to launch a crippling attack on the enemy using precision guided weapons. The attack can be launched with torpedoes, as well as tube launched anti-ship missiles, whilst underwater or on surface. The Stealth features give it invulnerability, unmatched by many submarines. The Scorpene Submarine is designed to operate in all theatres including the Tropics. All means and communications are provided to ensure interoperability with other components of a Naval Task Force. It can undertake multifarious types of missions typically undertaken by any modern submarine i.e Anti-Surface warfare, Anti-Submarine warfare, Intelligence gathering, Mine Laying, Area Surveillance etc. Kalvari Class Submarines are built from special steel, capable of withstanding high yield stress and having high tensile strength, thereby allowing them to withstand high hydrostatic force and enabling them to dive deeper to further enhance stealth. The Submarine is built according to the principle of Modular Construction, which involves dividing the submarine into a number of sections and building them parallelly. The equipment is mounted onto Cradles and then embarked into the sections. The complexity of the task increases exponentially as it involves laying of around 60 kms of cabling and 11 kms of piping in extremely congested and limited space inside the submarine. Planning and design of the Scorpene class ship were directed towards achieving an extremely quiet vessel with great detection capability and offensive power. Hull, sail and appendage forms have been specifically designed to produce minimum hydrodynamic noise. The various items of equipment are mounted on elastic supports, which are in turn mounted on uncoupled blocks and suspended platforms. The isolation also provides better shock protection to the equipment. The Scorpene is equipped with Weapons Launching Tubes (WLT), and can carry weapons on board which can be easily reloaded at sea, through special handling and loading equipment. The array of weapons and complex sensors fitted on board the Scorpene are managed by a high technology Combat Management System, which integrates various diverse systems fitted onboard into One Formidable Whole. Indian Scorpene submarine lacking an AIP capability is likely to be at a huge disadvantage over an AIP fitted Chinese or Pakistani submarine. AIP enabled submarines lurking underwater, can make a silent and undetected approach close to a warship or submarine, and launch a torpedo attack with a better probability of kill. This makes protection of capital ships within a Fleet Task Force highly vulnerable simply because of the hostile submarine is already elusive and can approach its torpedo firing range before being detected or engaged by even by the latest P-8I multirole maritime patrol aircraft. In the future India will fit indigenously developed AIP in Kalvari Class submarines which is currently under development. Each Kalvari class ship is powered by four MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines, has 360 battery cells (750 kg each), for power and has a silent Permanently Magnetised Propulsion Motor. The hull, fin and hydroplanes are designed for minimum underwater resistance and all equipment inside the pressure hull is mounted on shock absorbing cradles for enhanced stealth. Special steel was used in its construction which has high tensile strength, capable of withstanding high yield stress and hydro-static force. Each submarine has 60 km of cabling and 11 km of piping. The class displaces 1,615 t (1,780 short tons) when surfaced and 1,775 t (1,957 short tons) when submerged. The class is also fitted with mobile C303/S anti-torpedo decoys for self-defence. The weapon systems and sensors are integrated with Submarine Tactical Integrated Combat System (SUBTICS). It has a sonar system is capable of Low Frequency Analysis and Ranging (LOFAR) enabling long range detection and classification. Each submarine has a complement of 8 officers and 35 sailors.  Sensors The vessel’s sonar suite includes a long-range passive cylindrical array, intercept sonar, active sonar, distributed array, flank array, high-resolution sonar for mine and obstacle avoidance, as well as a towed array. USHUS The S-Cube Kalvari class submarines are fitted with S-Cube integrated sonar suite. S-Cube Sonar Suite on kalvari class comprises bow, flank, distributed, towed, intercept and active arrays, self–noise monitoring, 3D MOAS, as well as associated functions. As an integrated system, the S-Cube provides situational awareness capabilities by offering instantaneous access to all sensors data. These data can also be post-processed on a long history period at any moment on request of the sonar operator, providing an invaluable tool for contact analysis and classification, localization and tracking. Features of S Cube S-CUBE enables permanent safety of the platform while providing cutting-edge passive and active performance in deep or littoral waters to detect, classify, locate and track a full panorama of widely threats.
Optional HF active sonar (Navigation and Mine & Obstacle Avoidance Sonar) to further enhanced safety.
High performance sonar based on multi-sensors views and processing from a consistent combination of acoustic arrays (Planar Flank and Bow Arrays, etc). Digital arrays, with elevation capability and extended frequency range. Advanced algorithms including high resolution Adaptive Beamforming and ASW processing tools.
Based on the Open System Architecture for scalability, upgradability; easy and incremental insertion of additional sensors and new capabilities and allows third party algorithms insertion. Full integration in the combat system. Seamless integrate to any combat system.
Increased effectiveness: significant reduction in operating manpower and training – integrated aids and alerts for operators. Main Characteristics
 S CUBE SONAR Suite Series 30 SMS (Search Mast System) The Series 30 SMS is a non-penetrating mast designed for above-surface surveillance: navigation safety, surveillance, intelligence collection and self-protection combining electronic and optronic warfare. Compatible with a full range of electromagnetic antenna (GPS, ESM, early warning and communication), it includes a high-definition thermal imager as well as a high-definition camera, and can simultaneously accommodate a low-light level, anti-blooming camera and a laser range finder. The Series 30 SMS (Search Mast System) has four simultaneously operational sensors; image processing and operating modes make it perfect for advanced detection of airborne or surface threats. The Series 20 Attack Periscope System (APS) is a modern, highly reliable attack periscope providing outstanding optical performances. Its four optronic sensors, which can be used simultaneously to obtain panoramic scene captures in record time, are the fastest on the market. Known as the “Quick Look Round” feature, it enables panoramic or segment displays in separate, full resolution or compressed windows. This mode is available in addition to the conventional, live display of the different video channels.  Weapons Six 533mm Torpedo Tube Can hold 30 Mines SM39 Exocet Block 2 AShM Exocet SM39 is the submarine-launched version of the Exocet family. It features all weather capability, sea skimming flight, solid propellant and a high kill warhead.The missile has a range of 50 km, which enables the submarine to go into action while remaining out of enemy detection and weapon range. Flexibility and versatility are provided thanks to the system’s large launch envelope. Housed in a water-tight, highly resistant, propelled and guided underwater vehicle, the aerial missile is ejected as soon as it breaks the surface, to ensure a very low culmination altitude. It then rapidly homes into the target at sea skimming level: it uses an inertial navigation system followed by autonomous terminal guidance from an active RF seeker. It has a length of 4.69 m and a diameter of 350 mm. Alone, the missile itself weighs 655 kg, but the weight increases to 1,345 kg when combined with the VSM (Vehicule Sous-Marin) container launch module. Although the VSM is necessary for launch, the missile separates from the container at a low altitude after breaking surface. AEG SUT HWT  Exocet SM 39 Project 75I (Future) The Project 75I-class submarine is follow-on of the Project 75 Kalvari-class submarine for the Indian Navy. Under this project, the Indian Navy intends to acquire six diesel-electric submarines. The main capability jump for Project-75I will be Air Independent Power (AIP). This will allow the submarines to remain submerged for longer periods. All six submarines are expected to be constructed in Indian shipyards. The Project-75I is one of the most important and strategically significant naval programmes being undertaken by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in the new decade. It is in line with the government’s Strategic Partnership (SP) Model and has broad-based the competition which is fair in a high-value project. Under the SP model, the Project 75I is the second one to be processed, and submarines for the Indian Navy will be built-in India through technology transfer. The design of the Project-75I has not been selected yet. On 21 January 2020, the Government of India shortlisted Larsen & Toubro and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders as the two Indian firms. Defence ministry (MoD) sources on 10-07-202 said the tender or RFP (request for proposal) “should be issued by next month” to defence shipyard Mazagon Docks (MDL) and private ship-builder L&T for the submarine programme. It will be the first project to be launched under the strategic partnership (SP). The two Indian shipyards or SPs will have to submit their technical and commercial bids in response to the RFP after they tie up with their preferred original equipment manufacturer (OEM) from the five short-listed by the MoD earlier. The five OEMs are Rubin Design Bureau (Russia), Naval Group-DCNS (France), ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (Germany), Navantia (Spain) and Daewoo (South Korea).Indian Navy hopes to induct the first new submarine seven years after the P-75I contract is finally inked by 2021-2022. India’s P-75I for six new submarines, with both land-attack cruise missiles and AIP, was first granted “acceptance of necessity (AoN)” way back in November 2007 but is yet to be finalized. MoD says P-75I, which can be finalized by December 2021 at the earliest, will bring in key technologies to ensure the next submarine-building project (P-76) is completely indigenous in design and technology. Unmanned Under Water Vehicles As a new emerging power in the Asia Pacific, India has designed and constructed some UUVs for the last few years. In 2016, a prototype was successfully made and designed to be deployed in military operation at sea. Latest discourse of UUVs development in India is integrated operation between UUVs and submarines for the purposes of surveillance. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been designing and developing multiple AUVs to meet broader operational requirements for futuristic scenarios. In April 2016, DRDO scientists successfully developed an autonomous underwater prototype for multiple maritime missions in India's waters. Manohar Parrikar, the defence minister, announced in the Parliament that a feasibility study undertaken for the development of different types of AUV platforms showed that the DRDO was capable of designing various kinds of UUVsfrom hand-held slow-speed ones, to military-class platforms, 22 with the capability to assist in the entire gamut of maritime security the capability to assist in the entire gamut of maritime security. NSTL AUV DRDO NSTL have developed an autonomous underwater vehicle and demonstrated its capabilities. This vehicle can undertake surveillance, intelligence and recognisance tasks. Built for extended operations at a depth of upto 100m, for surveillance, intelligence gathering, mine detection, sea cordon operations etc, the AUV is understood to be priced at just over $8 million making it one of the most competitively priced systems in the market today. With the Electronics Corporation India Ltd (ECIL) as an engineering partner, DRDO's naval science and technology laboratory (NSTL) in Visakhapatnam is also trying to develop a variant of the AUV that can conduct more frontline activity like mine-laying. The DRDO's AUV is a four-metre long, 1.4-metre wide, flat fish-shaped vehicle which can travel at a speed of about seven km per hour at depths of up to 300 metres below sea level. Fully pre-programmed in terms of algorithms and mission requirements, the robotic vehicle is piloted by an on-board computer that employs technologies developed by NSTL. It weighs around 1.7 tonnes and can carry around 500 kg of pay load. NSTL also has plans to develop the advanced version of these UAVs in a larger size and 10 to 12 tonnes in weight. According to NSTL sources, the current one is 4 m in length and 1.4 m in width and can move at a speed of about 7 km per hour.The AUVs will enhance the underwater surveying capabilities of the Indian Navy. These vehicles can detect enemy ships and submarines. Key features & capabilities •Flat fish shaped, free flooding, re-configurable •Size: 4.6 m x1.6 m x 0.7 m, Disp. : 1.5 Cum. •Payload: 500 kg, positively buoyant with hovering •OAS and INS, GPS & DVL aided navigation •Underwater and surface comm. , U/W Camera and lights •Normal and emergency recovery aids Applications •Target for u/w exercises & deployment of leave behind sensors •For surveillance & Oceanographic surveys    Saab’s AUV-62 Indian Navy currently operating self-propelled underwater reusable targets. The AUV62-AT acts as a training target that emulates a real submarine. It resembles a real submarine in a range of ASW scenarios and can be deployed in operator training activities, as well as the evaluation of sonar and other command control systems. It can also be used for testing the capabilities of existing naval ASW systems. It is compatible with modern torpedoes and ASW sonar systems.AUV62-AT is highly flexible and can be launched from a ship or a submarine, as well as from shore. Launch and recovery of the training system are supported by a custom-designed docking device.The AUV-62 AT training system includes an AUV62-AT vehicle, signal generation and analysis system, advanced mission planning system, mission evaluation system, launch and recovery system (LARS), as well as an integrated logistics support (ILS) system. Weighing approximately 620kg, the system features an extended mast for effective communication and data transfer. The transducers located on top of the vehicle enable generation and transmission of echo and noise. The extendable tail provides target elongation capability to the system, while hydrophones mounted on the hull facilitate echo repetition. The signature generation system on-board the unit is capable of producing both active and passive signals. Note: Indian navy operating self-propelled underwater reusable targets for training, we believe it is AUV 62 but not confirmed yet, only one report indicates it is AUV 62.   NSTL 'Autonomous Sea Vehicle' (ASV) Autonomous Sea Vehicle (ASV) is an ambitious and secretive program of NSTL; it is on the lines of the US Navy's 'Manta Unmanned Underwater Vehicle' program. According to reports ASV is making gradual progress. The Indian ASV will be a 'submadrones' a submarine launched swimming spy plane, contained within an underwater drone with folded wings housed in a torpedo canister. The drone is designed to be launched from submarine tubes and deploy in reconnaissance mode for a fixed time period. On completion of the task, it is programmed to drop into the water, to be then recovered by a small autonomous vehicle and returned to the submarine. The Manta UUV is over 30 feet long and carries a payload of up to five tons, which can include additional smaller underwater drones, for which it acts like a mother ship, and torpedo weapons. Samudra AUV For deep-sea exploration, India has the Samudra, a low-cost AUV that operates underwater with pre-programmed inputs. Fitted with an on-board image processing unit, it can undertake path detection, obstacle avoidance and target identification under the sea. AUV Carrier (Future capability) AUV carriers (like aircraft carriers) that can fly in and fly out AUVs to and from the mother ship to the theater of operation at sea. These AUVs may have amphibious capabilities (land, air, sea surface and U/W). They will be networked systems with Ocean satellites, ocean Stations and sea lab etc.  A Diagram of AUV Carrier Other platforms which has potential to go into Indian Navy arsenal L&T Admaya Submarine launched AUV. Adamya is a five meters long heavy weight AUV is designed to perform underwater mission for so long time, L&T says the Adamya’s underwater endurance is more than eight hours with maximum speed of some 6 knots. This can dive up to 500 meters; with the operational payload of multiple systems can be customized by the user. The Adamya AUV can be launched from submarine torpedo tube without having any further modifications in the submarine, it can also be launched from surface ships with simple launch and recovery systems comes with the Adamya AUV pack. The AUV can undertake various missions which include, Hydrographic survey, underwater mine detection and countermeasure, Intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance mission, offshore survey, harbor security, clandestine monitoring, environmental monitoring and anti submarine operations. The payloads can be switched by respective missions, with the capacity of some 50 kilo grams. In the front section of payload, it can carry a forward looking sonar, an underwater camera, CTD sensor (Conductivity, Temperature and depth), and a customized payload. Afterwards it comes with a large space for customized payload along with other connectivity solutions. This where most of the mission payloads can be kept. The vehicle controlled by a combination of Doppler velocity logger, Intertial navigation system and GPS. The AUV powered by a Lithium Polymer battery which can give enough power supply to the AUV to work upto eight hours at an nominal speed of some 4 knots. The AUV propelled by a contra rotating blades and two thrusters which is located in forward and end section. The real time data can transmitted from the AUV using the on-board systems like RF Antenna, Wi fi and Acoustic modem, which can communicate easily to the mother ship or friendly warships close by. L&T has highlighted several features on the Adamya to the Navy, including the fact that the vehicle's modular design and depth-rated shells enable mission customisation as per the Navy's needs without having to resort to pressure-proofing of the internal electronic systems. Other qualities include short turnaround time and ability to be air-shipped conveniently. The Adamya is being pitched for naval applications that include hydrographic survey (the Hydrography Dept. incidentally is also looking for AUVs), mine countermeasures, intelligence-surveillance-reconnaissance (ISR), offshore survey, clandestine monitoring, environmental monitoring and optional anti-submarine warfare Features:
  AUV 150 AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) - 150 is an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) being developed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) scientists in Durgapur. AUV-150 is capable of independently carrying various underwater operations. The vehicle was built with the intent of coastal security like mine counter-measures, coastal monitoring and reconnaissance. AUV 150 can be used to study aquatic life, for mapping of sea-floor and minerals along with monitoring of environmental parameters, such as current, temperature, depth and salinity. It can also be useful in cable and pipeline surveys. It is built to operate 150 metres under the sea and have cruising speed of up to four knots. AUV 150 is modular shallow water AUV having five degrees of freedom. The vehicle uses a Lithium polymer battery. AUV 150 is equipped with hybrid communication system: it uses radio frequency on surface and acoustic at under water.   AUV Amogh Amogh is a third-generation Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), designed and developed in collaboration with M/s Edgelab, Italy. Amogh is loaded with the latest state-of-the-art sensors, payloads, propulsion and energy system suitable for hydrographic and underwater surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. The AUV is designed to comply with International Hydrographic Organisation Standards for Hydrographic Surveys and IMP regulations for the safety of navigation. The containerized design with built-in LARS and AUV maintenance support system is suitable for ease of deployment and installation. Salient Features:
  AUV Maya Maya is a small and modular AUV capable of carrying scientific and commercial payloads upto operating depth of 200 m. AUV Maya has a payload capacity of 4 kgs and is suited for requirements such as expendable Underwater Targets, Inspection AUVs, etc. Navigation and positioning
 MAYA fitted with Sensors  Midget Submarines Indian Navy Swimmer Delivery Vehicle The Indian Navy Swimmer Delivery Vehicle (SDV) is a planned class of midget submarine for the Indian navy. Under this programme the Indian Navy will acquire 2 midget submarines for use as Swimmer Delivery Vehicles. These submarines will be used for conducting underwater special operations by MARCOS. Both submarines will be constructed by Hindustan Shipyard Limited. The cost of procuring the two SDVs will be around 2,000 crore. For the Navy's Marine Commando Force, the midgets will transport armament and equipment from the mother craft to attack targets such as ships riding at anchor and coastal installations, according to a Navy official. The subs will also carry out covert surveillance attacks in shallow waters DSRV In December 2018, the Indian Navy had inducted two DSRVs, supplied by UK-based company James Fisher Defence (JFD). While the Indian Navy had mulled the purchase for DSRVs for several years, the tragic accident on the INS Sindhurakshak in 2013 that left 18 personnel dead highlighted gaps in rescue facilities in the event of underwater emergencies. The DSRV is equipped with sophisticated radar and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), which extends the vessel's operating depth and can be used for clearing debris and obstructions. The DSRV has a crew of three personnel and can rescue up to 14 personnel from a stranded submarine at a time. The DSRV, being smaller than military submarines, can be transported by specially equipped ships or the Indian Air Force's heavy-lift aircraft, such as the C-17, to the vicinity of a submarine emergency. In 2018, the Indian Navy awarded a contract to Hindustan Shipyard to build two diving support vessels that will act as 'mother ships' to support the operations of the DSRV fleet. The diving support vessels, which will be about 118 metres long, are expected to be ready by 2021.   India’s underwater wall Details of India’s underwater sensor network for detecting submarines and ships are not available from the available sources we learnt that. India was planned to undertake joint projects with Japan and the United States for the defense of its littoral spaces; including one for the installation of sound surveillance sensors (SOSUS) chain in India’s near seas. New Delhi is considering Japanese assistance in the construction of an undersea network of seabed-based sensors stretching from the tip of Sumatra right up to Indira Point in the Bay of Bengal to prevent Chinese submarines from approaching Indian exclusive economic zone. There is no official confirmation of these developments. However, it is entirely possible China’s anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) plans in Southeast Asia may have served as a trigger for an Indian response in the Bay of Bengal. In 2015, after the 10-member ASEAN defense minister’s meeting concluded, India decided to play a greater role in Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and South China Sea. Ex-defense minister, Mr. Manohar Parrikar, had a pivotal role to play in enhancing Indian Navy’s capabilities. . This was followed by laying of an undersea optical fiber cable from mainland to Andaman Nicobar islands, and a network of seabed-based surveillance sensors from Indira point to Sumatra in Indonesia. Besides providing funds for the upgrading of naval air bases and construction of new electronic/signals intelligence stations along the Andaman and Nicobar chain of islands, Tokyo was planned to finance an undersea optical fiber cable from Chennai to Port Blair. Japanese multinational provider of information technology services and products NEC was roped in to lay optical submarine cable system between Chennai and Port blair. The project commenced in December 2019 It is apparently a 2300 Km long cable system which can carry 100Gb/s optical waves. In Aug 10, 2020, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the submarine optical fiber cable (OFC) connecting Chennai and Andaman & Nicobar from Chennai to Port Blair, Port Blair to Little Andaman and Port Blair to Swaraj Island. The high impact projects are being expanded in 12 islands of Andaman and Nicobar. This network is likely to be integrated with the existing U.S.-Japan “Fish Hook” SOSUS network meant specifically to monitor People’s Liberation Army-Navy(PLAN) submarine activity in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean Rim. In 2020 Japan decided to transmogrify its state secret laws to share intelligence with UK, India and Australia. All India’s submarines and warships at Vishakhapatnam benefit from the new SOSUS Link and then west naval bases at Chennai, Vishakhapatnam etc. This integrated Undersea surveillance System (IUSS) (SOSUS Old Name) Link will act as a force multiplier, giving early warning of Chinese ships, especially Submarines movements in the Indian Ocean. The IUSS cable might detect and triangulate an SSK diesel engine even if the submarine is 1000Km away in the Indian Ocean. As the submarines gets closer to SOSUS array many additional submarines sounds can be discerned eg SSN reactor water/steam circulation, generator gearing-electrical motor sounds from SSNs and SSKs, dropped tools and water swishing over the hull sounds. Cavitations sounds might be picked up from Chinese SSNs over 15 knots submerged cruising speeds and SSKs over 5 knots submerged cursing. Within 100km the diesel sounds of an SSK might reveal an individual SSK even identifying as SSK known to be captioned by a particular commander (may be judged by his maneuvering habits). Identification of submarine Type or actual submarine is much easier if there are already recordings of the submarines sound on an Indian super computer data base (Library). The bay of Bengal SOSUS is likely to be connected to shore stations at Vishakhapatnam. These may house Super Computers monitored by Indian Navy and may be NTRO analysts who particularly want to determine what type of submarines are making noise as well as its courses and speed . Once the sound s have been processed identified they need to be sent to the right naval assets e.g. Naval HQs at Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai and to Indian ships, submarines at sea and Indian P8I via satellite or powerful shore based radio stations. Indian ships Submarines can cue onto and then tail the Chinese Pakistani submarines detected. Note: These figures are unofficial and debatable.  SOSUS  Anti Submarine Capabilities Ship board ASW Assets Indian Navies front line warships like Kolkata class destroyers are equipped with the ‘HUMSA-NG’ hull mounted sonar system. These sensory systems effectively act as the vessel’s ears and eyes providing the crew with unmatched operational awareness. The Kolkata-class is equipped with a torpedo launching system via four torpedo tubes and two RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers. Most of the Indian navy destroyers are capable of firing various torpedoes for ASW. The most deadly among them is the indigenously developed heavy weight torpedo Varunastra. Varunastra can fire from Delhi-class destroyer ,Kolkata-class destroyer ,Rajput-class destroyer Talwar-class frigate etc . Varunastra torpedo is powered by an electric propulsion system with multiple 250 KWs Silver Oxide Zinc (AgOZn) batteries. It can achieve speeds in excess of 40 kn (74 km/h; 46 mph), weighs around 1.25 tons and can carry 250 kg (550 lb) of conventional warhead. This torpedo has more than 95 per cent indigenous content. Varunastra has conformal array transducer which enables it look at wider angles than most common torpedoes. It also has an advanced autonomous guidance algorithms with low drift navigational aids, insensitive warhead which can operate in various combat scenarios. It is the only torpedo in the world to have a GPS-based locating aid. The exercise variant of Varunastra has integrated instrumentation system for recording all the dynamic parameters of the weapon, redundancy in recovery aids in case of emergency shut down or malfunction. Various torpedoes using by Indian Navy
The Advanced Light Torpedo (TAL) Shyena is the first indigenous advanced lightweight anti-submarine torpedo of India, developed by Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Navy. Shyena is a processor based torpedo which incorporates solid-state electronics, digital technology and has been equipped with an integrated Active/Passive sensor package for homing. It is designed to be capable of launching from both a helicopter or from a triple-tube launcher on surface vessels. Its key design feature is maneuverability and ability to transition from warm to cold medium to ensure a hunt and kill. The development period of the torpedo was quite long, starting in the 1990s, and was inducted into the Indian Navy on 3 March 2012. It is an electrically propelled self-homing torpedo and can be launched from ship and rotary wing aircraft. It has both active and passive modes of operations, and all digital control and guidance systems. TAL is an anti submarine weapon, which can attack submarines in shallow waters & deep waters. Salient Features
 
The submarine-launched version of the Varunastra is currently under development and is expected to arm the IN’s Sindhughosh (Kilo) and Arihant Classes, once that is complete. As per the latest report Varunastra has been accepted and will be going into production phase. 
DRDO’s naval research institute for underwater weapons, NSTL, has also been working to transform this 1300-kg ship-launched version into submarine-launched HWT known as Takshak torpedo system that will be armed on India’s Sindhughosh-class and Arihant-class boats. The under-development missile would be tested from one of the Sindhughosh-class SSKs to evaluate the weapon’s submarine engaging capability. Eventually, the firepower and underwater weaponry of the Indian Navy will soon get a big boost with the induction of these home-made HWTs.
A small version of the Russian-Indian cruise missile Brahmos can be launched from submarine torpedo tubes. BRAHMOS missile is capable of being launched from submarine from a depth of 40-50 metres. The missile can be installed in a modular launcher vertically in the pressure hull of the submarine. The missile has identical configuration similar to the ship based system. The canisterised missile is launched vertically; the nose cap prevents water from entering the 'air-intake' during the underwater flight. Once the missile emerges from the water, the sensors provide the “out of water command” and the nose cap is fired for turning the missile in the desired direction to hit the target. BRAHMOS installation in submarine will increase manyfold the 'offensive power' of the vessel without compromising on its 'defensive power' as the torpedo tubes can be fully utilized for defense. All studies and simulation trials related to underwater launch have been completed. On 20 March 2013, the submarine-launched version of BRAHMOS supersonic cruise missile was successfully test fired from a submerged platform in Bay of Bengal off the coast of Visakhapatnam. Creating history, the missile took off vertically from the submerged platform for its full range of 290 kms. Following a pre-defined trajectory, the missile emerged from underwater, took a turn towards the designated target meeting all mission objectives. All the telemetry and tracking stations, including Indian naval ships positioned throughout the flight path, confirmed the pin-point accuracy of the mission. BRAHMOS is now ready for fitment in submarines, for vertical launch.  Indigenous Sonar’s of Indian Navy
ASW Helicopters MH 60 R Romeo India will buy 24 MH-60 Romeo helicopters from Lockheed Martin for the Indian Navy for USD 2.6 billion.The helicopters, with anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue missions capabilities, will prove to be a very potent weapon against rising Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean Region. ‘Romeo’ Seahawk helicopters have advanced combat systems like sensors, missiles, and torpedoes to track and hunt enemy boats and submarines. Romeo’ Seahawk helicopters have advanced combat systems like sensors, missiles, and torpedoes to track and hunt enemy boats and submarines. The choppers will be armed with Hellfire missiles, precision kill weapon systems, and MK 54 torpedoes. For Anti-surface warfare missions it can carry weapons on the four weapons stations, including AGM-114 Hellfire anti-surface missiles. For Anti-submarine warfare Three ATK mk50 or mk46 lightweight torpedoes. These helicopters would serve as replacements for the Sea King 42/42A helicopters. The first MH 60 will come in early 2021.  Naval Dhruv helicopter Indian Navy acquired Dhruv helicopter developed by HAL in March 2008. The naval variant is fitted with Super Vision 2000 maritime radar, dunking sonar. The Naval Dhruv has cabin side pylons for torpedoes, depth charges or anti-ship missiles. The naval variant also has a retractable tricycle gear, a folding tail boom, a harpoon deck-lock, pressure refuelling, fairings on fuselage sides to house the main wheels, flotation gear and batteries. The SV2000 maritime patrol radar developed by DRDO's Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) for surveillance. The radar has the capability to detect and track airborne targets, sea surface targets and sub surface targets (submarines) under sea clutter at a range more than 90 Km. The radar is optimised to detect and track targets which have small RCS (Radar Cross Sections) like sea skimmer missiles and low flying aircraft under sea and weather clutter conditions. The radar has been developed using special techniques with the frequency agility and coherent processing to detect targets under sea clutter. Advanced algorithms provide reliable performance under jamming conditions. The radar is built to perform two roles: a primary and a secondary role. Under the primary role, the radar performs sea surface surveillance for ships, vessels, submarines and air space for low and high altitude flying air targets. It supports navigation, weather characterisation and beacon functions as secondary roles.   SeaKing Westland Sea King and the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King: Used principally for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search & rescue roles, the helicopter fleet operate from INS Garuda (Kochi) as well as INS Shikra air stations. US sanctions on India in response to India's nuclear tests resulted in a large part of the Sea King fleet being grounded for want of spare parts. Seventeen of the Sea King helicopters will be upgraded. The upgrade will feature day and night capability, the capability to work in adverse weather conditions, integration of two anti-ship missiles with a range of fifty kilometers and new radar.   Ka 28 Of the ten Kamov 28 helicopters that were procured from the erstwhile USSR in the mid-80s, only a few are in flying condition today while the remaining has been mothballed for spares. India decided to undertake (in 2015) mid-life upgrade of six Russian-made Kamov 28 anti-submarine warfare helicopters besides overhaul of another four. Under the mid-life upgrade, the six choppers will get new sensors among others while the rest four will only undergo engine overhauling.  P8I Poseidon P-8I is a long-range, multimission maritime patrol aircraft manufactured by Boeing, for the Indian Navy. It is a variant of the P-8A Poseidon operated by the US Navy. P-8I is intended to replace the ageing fleet of Tupolev Tu-142 aircraft that are in service with the Indian Navy. The P-8I aircraft was designed to protect the vast coastline and territorial waters of India. It can conduct anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (AsuW), intelligence, maritime patrol, and surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The P-8I aircraft is based on the Boeing Next Generation 737-800 aircraft. The forward section of the under-fuselage houses an internal weapons bay. The wings are fitted with hardpoints for carrying air-to-surface missiles. The aircraft has a length of 39.47m, wing span of 37.64m and a height of 12.83m. The maximum take-off gross weight of the P-8I is 85,139kg. The P-8I aircraft is manned by nine crew members. The cockpit is integrated with primary flight display, multifunction displays, identification friend or foe (IFF), flight management system and stores management system. The aircraft is equipped with a CAE AN/ASQ-508A magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) system, APS-143C (V) 3 multimode radar and a global version of the Raytheon APY-10 surveillance radar. The APY-10 radar provides precise information in all-weather, day and night missions. The P-8I also integrates BEL Data Link II communications system, Avantel mobile satellite system and a speech secrecy system from Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL).The internal weapons bay can house Mark 54 torpedoes, depth charges and free-fall bombs. The under-wing hardpoints can be armed with air-to-surface missiles. In December 2010, India requested a sale of AGM-84L Harpoon Block II anti-ship missiles and associated equipment to equip its P-8I aircraft. The Harpoon Block II carries a 226kg blast / fragmentation warhead. It can be fired against land and sea targets. The countermeasures are provided by directional infrared countermeasures (DIRCM) system and the electronic support measures (ESM) system supplied by Northrop Grumman. The DIRCM can protect the aircraft from incoming infrared guided missiles. The P-8I aircraft is powered by two CFM56-7 engines supplied by CFM International, a joint venture between Snecma Moteurs and GE Electric. Each engine provides a take-off thrust of 27,300lb. The engines are equipped with a new-generation full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system.The P-8I aircraft can fly at a maximum speed of 789km/h and can reach a maximum altitude of 12,496m. The aircraft has a maximum range of 2,222km with four hours on station. India currently has eight P-8I and has started the process to acquire six more Poseidon-8I. India may order another four.  Il-38SD maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare aircraft The IL-38s formally entered service with the Indian Navy on 01 October 1977.The Indian Navy placed an upgrade contract for five aircraft in 2001. The program will extend the operational life of the aircraft up to 15 years. Two upgraded aircraft were delivered in January 2006 and third was delivered in 2008. The operational problems with the new avionics and electronic warfare system caused delays in further aircraft deliveries. The last aircraft was delivered in February 2010. The fully digital Sea Dragon suite is designed to detect & intercept surface vessels and submarines, as well as detect mines and carry out surveillance. It can track more than 30 targets at one time from a distance of up to 320 kilometers. The suite can also detect airborne targets and can be linked to the Russian GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System). It encompasses a new synthetic-aperture/inverse-synthetic-aperture radar located in a canoe fairing on the belly, a high-resolution FLIR (forward-looking infra-red) sensor, a LLTV (low-light television) camera, a new ESM (electronic-support-measures) system and a new MAD (magnetic anomaly detector) system in the aft section of the aircraft. The IL-38s will also be fitted with radio-frequency and infrared sensors, as well as decoys. Indian elements are a key part of the upgrade with DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) supplying the aircraft's new electronic intelligence system, electronic countermeasures station system, digital firing decoys and radio communication system. IL 38 SD test-fired maiden anti-ship missile, post modification and midlife upgrade in 2017.  Kamorta class (4) The Kamorta class has been designed for the sole purpose of hunting submarines. For Details about Kamorta Class Visit: - http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/kamorta-class-corvette Abhay-class corvette (3) The Abhay-class corvettes of the Indian Navy are customized variants of the Soviet Pauk-class corvettes. The class is primarily intended for coastal patrol and anti-submarine warfare.Three vessels of the class currently serve in the Indian Navy. Abhay class is modified from Pauk II class under Project 1241 PE. The ships were built at Volodarski shipyard in the former Soviet Union. Abhay class vessels are longer, have larger torpedo tubes and improved electronics when compared to the Pauk I class vessels. The ships in the class were named after former Abhay-class seaward defence boats. Abhay class is to be upgraded with Abhay integrated sonar system developed by Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory.  Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (Under Development) The ASW-SWC corvettes are anti submarine warfare vessels ordered for the Indian Navy from Cochin Shipyard (CSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE). They are in the 700 ton range and will replace the Abhay-class corvette currently in service. ASWSWCs will have a displacement of 750 tons, a maximum speed of 25 knots and will complement a crew of 57. The vessels will be capable of full scale sub surface surveillance of coastal waters, SAU and Coordinated ASW operations with aircraft. In addition, the vessels shall have the capability to interdict/destroy sub surface targets in coastal waters. They will also be capable to perform search and rescue operations, as well as aircraft monitoring and minelaying. Equipped with state-of-art indigenous Integrated Platform Management Systems, Propulsion, Auxiliary and PGD Machinery, these ships are capable of subsurface surveillance of coastal waters and laying of mines, making them a potent platform. Induction of these specialized ships with lower draught, would significantly enhance coastal shallow water Anti Submarine Warfare capability of the Indian Navy with improved performance of weapons, sensors, hull mounted and towed sonar’s. 16 ships are planned 8 in CSL and 8 in GRSE. India’s Secret Submarine Base INS Varsha Project Varsha is one of the secret projects undertaken by Indian government to provide Indian Navy underground secret bases off the east coast of country in an order to protect nuclear powered submarines that would form one of the third nuclear deterrence platforms of India. It was planned to be located within a radius of approximately 200 kilometres from Visakhapatnam, which are the headquarters of the Navy’s Eastern Naval Command. But the base is being developed at Rambilli, 50 km from Visakhapatnam. The base will be an “exclusive enclave by deepening at natural channel to have easy access to sea”, and will have extensive underground storage facilities. Open source satellite images show that a lot of work has been completed in the first phase of the project, with more than a dozen tunnels being dug to create the underground facility. Also, just 20 km away at Atchutapuram, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is constructing a research and development complex that will support the submarine base. About 845 hectares have already been handed to BARC for the new facility. INS Varsha would de-congest the Visakhapatnam Port, which is used by both the Navy and the civilian Ministry of Shipping. The Navy’s dockyards at Vizag are facing shortage of berthing space due to the rapid expansion of the Eastern fleet, and is still expanding. INS Varsha will have a large near-by facility of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and will include modern nuclear engineering support facilities and extensive crew accommodation.It will also have underground pens to hide the submarines from spy satellites and protect them from enemy air attacks. The navy is seeking foreign technical assistance pertaining to nuclear safety features for the base. INS Varsha would have undisclosed access tunnels on the mouth of deep water base and highly protected shelters along with jetties that are meant for demagnetizing submarines and is a conspicuous addition to the base facilities. The biggest advantage of having underwater deep bases that the submarines do not need to surface on the water, they can come and go from the base through multiple underwater tunnels that open directly to the deep sea and lead straight from the secret base. In any kind of conflict submarines are one of the most offensive platform of nuclear deterrence thus they can do their job well while not being detected by adversaries. The underground bases also provide highest protection than the ordinary bases on the coast shores provides, the underground bases are known to maintain top level of secrecy from any kind of threat including the satellite intelligence. The construction of underground base started in 2009 but has struck several times due to finance crunch. INS Varsha would be accompanied by a weapon storage facility called ‘Missile Technical Positions near the underwater base. ₹160 crore were sanctioned for the project in the 2011-12 budgets, of which ₹58 crore were for civil works and the balance were for setting up a VLF communication system. For the security reason, it is still highly classified that how big and capable the underground base would be but the base reportedly could docked some 8-12 nuclear powered submarine that are under construction and are being planned. The Varsha would be capable of housing other vessels of navy in forms of destroyers, frigates and replenishment ships.
SUBMARINES SSBN Jin Class (Type-094) (~8) The Type 094, or Jin-class as it is also known, is operated by the People’s Liberation Army Submarine Force. The Jin-class is a ballistic missile submarine that has an onboard nuclear reactor for propulsion. It is China’s second generation of nuclear-powered submarines and is a direct successor to the Type 092, or Xia-Class of nuclear subs. Development of the Type 094 class was assisted by Russian Rubin Design Bureau; however this information was not confirmed. Construction of the lead vessel began in 1999 and it was launched in 2004. It seems that the first boat was commissioned in 2010. The second boat of the class was launched in 2007. Jin is a drastic improvement over the Xia type 092. China currently operates a fleet of 6 Jin-class (Type 094) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), which are based at the Longposan naval base near Yulin on Hainan Island. The Type 094 succeeds the Type 092 submarine and precedes the Type 096 submarine. Type 094 nuclear powered submarine is approximately 137 meters long. It is equipped with 12 missile tubes, each capable of firing the JL-2 SLBM (Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile), which carries between one to three nuclear warheads to an estimated range of 7,200 km. The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) reportedly conducted its first test of the JL-3 in November 2018 from a Type 032 auxiliary test submarine  Noise Level of Type 094 Although the Jin-class is more advanced than China’s first experimental SSBN – the single and now inoperable Xia (Type 092) – it is still a very noisy design and China would face constraints and challenges when operating its SSBN force. It therefore seems likely that China will end production after six boats and turn its efforts to developing the quieter third-generation (Type 096) SSBN, which is expected to begin construction in the early-2020s. According to some reports that the Jin-class may be detectable due to a design flaw at the rear of the hull near the missile hatches, which could create a detectable sonar signal. The Jin-class SSBN design is fundamentally flawed in that the large missile compartment at the rear of the vessel and the flood openings below the missile hatches create a detectable sonar signature. A 2009 U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence report comparing the low-frequency noise level for China’s SSBN force to that of Russian 1970s-era SSBNs found that out of the twelve submarines profiled, the Xia-class SSBN was the most detectable and the Jin-class SSBN the fourth-most detectable. The quietness of this sub was believed to be comparable to Russian Victor III SSN according to an Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) report released in 1997. Thus, Type 094 was considered to be as quiet as Victor III. But in 2009, ONI released a new report with a chart comparing submarine quietness that showed the Type 094 to be noisier than Delta III SSBNs and Victor III SSNs.  Possible Detection range of Type 094 in shallow waters. There are three possible operational patterns for Type 094: Bastion strategy, coastal patrol, and open sea patrol. In a bastion strategy SSBNs patrol in heavily defended waters. Typically, the patrol area will be partially enclosed by a friendly shoreline and defended by naval and air forces. For China, most analysts point to the Bohai Gulf/Yellow Sea as candidate bastions Coastal patrol can be seen as expanded bastion strategy. Coastal water refers to the continental shelf region, shallower than 200 m. Open sea patrol would be possible if the Chinese Navy is confident in the survivability of the SSBNs, even without the protection of friendly forces. The difference between bastion/coastal patrol and open sea patrol is the depth of the water. Acoustic detection of a submarine in shallow water is more difficult than in deep water because, first, in deep water, sound waves propagate through refraction in the deep channel, while in shallow water they propagate through reflection against the sea surface and floor. The transmission loss of reflection is much greater than that of refraction. Second, passive SONAR array gain in shallow water is much less than that in deep water because the coherence of sound waves is greatly reduced in shallow water. Given the noisiness of Type 094, it is very likely that China would undertake a combination of bastion and coastal patrol strategy. In addition, China doesn’t have experience in running an SSBN fleet in the open oceans. Evaluating the effectiveness of this strategy requires a clear understanding of Chinese coastal waters. By 2018 Jin class boats were never sent on long-range deterrent patrol missions. Instead these boats are patrolling in South China Sea, relatively close to China's costal waters. Weapons Up to 12 JL-2 strategic SLBM 20 Torpedoes or 36 Mines Yu-6 Heavy Weight Torpedo The Yu-6 is China’s latest sub-launched torpedo. After the Yu-5, PLAN leaders realized that separate ASW and ASuW torpedoes were obsolete, and deemed their next torpedo to be dual-purpose, similar to the Mk 48. It was also to have improved speed and seeker technology. More than two-thirds of the technology used in the Yu-6 was supposed to be “new” technology. It utilizes Otto Fuel II like the Yu-5. Homing modes include active and passive as before, but also a “wake-homing” mode that was added, possibly with Russian assistance. It also uses a novel synthetic material shell.Domestic Chinese source has claimed that the Yu-6 torpedo is in the same class as the Mk 48 Mod. 4 torpedo. Official information on the Yu-6 torpedo is limited. One characteristic of the Yu-6 torpedo is its high-performance processor, where most western torpedoes are thought to use old (reliable) processors. The microprocessor used for the Yu-6 is of approximately Intel 80486 class. Some Chinese sources have claimed that Loongson-1 is used for Yu-6 torpedo. The transducer array of the torpedo's acoustic seeker is believed to have about the same number of transducers as the Mark 48 torpedo. The Yu-6 torpedo uses modular design and open architecture software programming, so that when new technologies and programs become available they can be readily incorporated. Development of Yu-6 begun in 1995, which took an entire decade to complete when the torpedo was finally ready in 2005. At speeds of sixty-five knots, it is faster than the listed speeds of the Mk 48 Mod 6 ADCAP. The capture of an American Mk46 Mod 1 torpedo by a Chinese fisherman in the South China Sea in 1978 was a game changer for Chinese torpedo design. While the Mk46 was directly copied as the Yu-7 air-launched torpedo, its technology also was used in submarine-launched designs. Notably, Chinese engineers quickly adopted the Mk46’s Otto Fuel II technology to make their own torpedo-propulsion units more compact and powerful. The Yu-5 was the first Chinese torpedo to incorporate Otto Fuel II technology. Current fleet of Chinese sub-launched torpedoes represents an interesting blend of Soviet, American and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. From the Yu-4, a domestic completion of an incomplete Soviet design, to the Yu-6, this uses an Intel microprocessor to power its guidance components, the torpedoes of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) show significant traces of reverse engineering. Speed: maximum > 65 kt (for attack) Range: maximum 45 km+ (at the cruise speed)  Sensors
Type 094A The Type 094A is a variant with a modified and improved sail. The sail appears to incorporate features from one installed on a modified Type 093. It could be equipped with 16 launch tubes, while Type 094 had only 12 launch tubes. Pictures published in 2015 to Chinese website, the Type 094A has a more prominent “hump” in the missile bay aft of the sail as well as other changes in the contours of the body. The Type 094A has a retractable towed array sonar (TAS) mounted on the top of its upper tailfin, which would make it easier for the craft to "listen" for threats and avoid them. The Type 094A version could be equipped with new ballistic missile Julang-2A (JL-2A) which has a greater range than the JL-2. The Type 094A, which was first seen in November 2016, is also far quieter than the noisier Type 094. Type 096 submarine (Under Development) The Type 096 is a projected class of ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) for China's People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force. The submarine which is expected to begin construction in the early-2020s will be armed with the JL-3 SLBM. The Type 096 may carry 24 SLBMs, compared to the 12 of the previous Type 094 SSBN. According to analysts, it could also feature a hull similar to Western SSBNs. Analysis of commercial imagery shows a new launch barge has recently been completed at the Bohai shipyard. New Type 095 and 096 subs will be built at Bohai. It is only now that the infrastructure is largely ready. The new submarines will be important if the PLAN wishes to patrol the open Pacific, or routinely venture into the Indian Ocean.   Type 098(Unknown/Myth) China’s qianzhan published an article to bare the mystery of China’s most advanced 098 strategic submarines. The article says: Previously, Liaoning Vice Governor Tan Zuojung disclosed at a public occasion that PLA navy has completed development of its fourth-generation nuclear submarine. Some experts believe that the information is quite reliable. However, there has been no public appearance of nor has the US ever detected China’s third-generation nuclear submarines. Type 098 nuclear submarine adopts electromagnetic propulsion with zero noise, very high speed and instant great increase in power. New type of strategic nuclear submarine with a wide body and a displacement of 28,300 tons. The submarine can go to the depth of 5,200 meters??. As it uses superconductivity electromagnetic propulsion system without any propellers, it is a noiseless submarine with noise less than 20 db and it can suddenly accelerate to very high speeds, quicker than any advanced high-speed torpedo?. As it has quite a few vector propulsion devices at various locations of its body, it is able to maneuver at various angles. It boasts effective noise damping features, such as a quieter nuclear power plant with less vibration, and a more advanced hull muffler system, so that it will be hard to detect even if within range of enemy sonar.   TACTICAL ~55 SSN 6 Shang I (Type-093) ~2 The Type 093 (NATO codename: Shang class) is China’s 2nd-generation nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) introduced in the early 2000s. It represents a significant improvement over the 1st-generation submarines in performance and capability. At least six hulls have already been commissioned into the PLA Navy as of 2015, and the construction programme continues. The PLA Navy initiated the development of its next-generation Type 093 nuclear attack submarine in the mid-1980s as a successor to its 1st-generation Type 091 (Han class). However, little progress was made until the mid-1990s, when Russia agreed to transfer its nuclear submarine technology to China in exchange for urgently-needed cash. The St. Petersburg-based Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering, one of Russia’s primary centers for submarine design, offered consultation to the Type 093’s development, including overall hull design, engine and machinery quieting, combat system, weapon system, and countermeasures outfit. The basic variant Type 093 (Shang I class) was said to have been partially based on the Russian Victor III class in design, though the two submarines bear no resemblance in appearance. The submarine is estimated to have 6.000 to 7,000 t displacement when dived. It features a water-drop shape hull, with a pair of fin-mounted hydroplanes and four diving planes. Six (three on each side) flank-mounted sonar arrays are clearly visible on the hull of the submarine. There are six 533 mm bow torpedo tubes (4 above, 2 below), capable of carrying the various anti-submarine/surface torpedoes of wire-, acoustic- and wake-homing, as well as the YJ-82 anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM). The pressure hull diameter of a Type-093 is just too small for a full entablature raft along with compound isolation to house the entire propulsion plant and the necessary auxiliaries. The new Chinese boats will also have a special outer hull treatment, known as an anechoic coating, which improves stealth.  Shang II (Type-093A) ~4 Type 093G (reported as Type 093A by Western analysts) is longer than the Type 093. The 093G have a vertical launching system (VLS) for YJ-18 supersonic anti-ship missiles, and anti-ship variants of the CJ-10 cruise missile. This is an improved variant with a redesigned sail with a tapered and all windows removed. Chinese media say the Type 093G is quieter than the shorter Type 093 due to an altered hull form. As well as hidden enhancements such as improved sensors and possibly better stealth, the profile has changed markedly. The sail has been lengthened and a blended leading edge added, not unlike that on the U.S. Navy's Virginia Class SSN. Behind the sail the casing has been raised. Initially this was believed to be related to a vertical launch system (VLS) for cruise missiles, but this appears not to be the case. The raised section behind the sail has been refined, gradually becoming less pronounced. The final significant difference is the addition of an integral towed sonar array. This feeds out from the top of the upper vertical rudder. Additionally, an anechoic coating using small square rubber tiles has been applied Shang 3 (Type-093B) The improved Type 093B (Shang-III class) SSGN is capable of carrying log-range cruise missiles for anti-ship and land-attack. The improved Type 093B nuclear-power guided missile submarine (SSGN) was launched in 2012 and commissioned in 2015. This variant features some redesign to the sail, with the tapered front retained but all windows removed. There is a mysterious hump located immediately behind the sail, which is believed to accommodate a missile vertical launch system (VLS). The VLS is said to be used for carrying and launching the YJ-18 ASCM, the Yu-8 rocket-propelled torpedo, and the CJ-10 land-attack cruise missile (LACM). These missiles allow the Type 093B to project power ashore over long distance – a capability not previously possessed by Chinese SSNs. In 2002, Chinese sources said the Type 093's noise level was on par with the improved Los Angeles-class submarines. In 2004, Chinese sources said the Type 093 was on par with Project 971 (NATO reporting name Akula), at 110 decibels. In 2009, USN ONI listed the Type 093 as being noisier than Project 671RTM (NATO reporting name Victor III) which entered service in 1979. Shang-class may be getting as quiet as some of the U.S. Navy’s quieter subs, “according to unclassified U.S. Navy estimates, the early Type-093 attack submarines are about 110 decibels. That is about the same as the U.S. Navy’s improved Los Angeles Class boats,” which were built in 1982. Improvements in reactor coolant pump design may have helped reduce the Shang-class’ acoustic signature. Improved anechoic tiles—rubberized tiles glued to the outside of a submarine’s hull that absorb enemy sonar—may also have helped the Shang-class.  Weapons YJ-82 (CH-SS-N-7) AShM The YJ-82 is a Chinese subsonic anti-ship cruise missile. It is manufactured by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Third Academy. The YJ-82 is the submarine-launched version of the YJ-8 missile family The YJ-82 is a solid-fuelled rocket. It is launched from submarines from a buoyant launch canister. The YJ-82 lacks the solid-rocket booster of the surface-launched YJ-8/8A and likely has less range than the latter's 42 km. The terminal sea-skimming attack altitude is 5 to 7 meters. The launch capsule is a copy of the one used by submarine-launched Harpoons; China likely received the technology from Pakistan, which had such weapons.The YJ-82 was first test fired from a Type 039 submarine in 1997. Since the late 1970s, the PLAN had eagerly sought to develop a submarine-launched ASCM. But it wasn’t until the YJ-8 program got started that they finally had a weapon they could work with. The Styx-based missiles were far too big, and there were significant safety concerns with putting volatile liquid-fueled missiles on submarines. The small, solid rocket-fueled YJ-8 was exactly what the PLAN was looking for. Their first effort, however, was somewhat half-hearted. In the fall of 1983, the PLAN accepted delivery of a modified Type 033 Romeo class submarine with six external missile tubes for launching the YJ-8. The new Type 033G submarine began test-firing trials in 1985, and while the launch system appears to have functioned adequately, there was one fatal flaw that effectively ended further development – the submarine had to surface to fire. With a range of only 42 km (22.7 nm), the submarine would be highly susceptible to detection by radar and engaged before it could get all its missiles off. According to one Chinese article, the six missiles could be launched in six to seven minutes after the submarine had surfaced. That’s an uncomfortably long time for a submarine to be on the surface, exposed, that closes to a hostile surface ship. A submerged launch option had to be developed to enable the submarine to remain stealthy until it was time to fire, as well as giving it a chance of escape after launching its attack. For reasons that haven’t been revealed, the Chinese chose a torpedo tube launched approach rather than the external tubes popular with Soviet submarines. This certainly alleviated many complicated submarine design issues, but this choice had problems of its own. In the late 1980s, there were only two ASCMs capable of being launched from a submarine torpedo tube, the French SM39 Exocet and the U.S. UGM-84 Harpoon. Both missiles were encapsulated in a sealed canister to protect the missile from the seawater, but they had very different ways of getting the missile out of the water and into the air. Pakistan is the most likely source of submarine-launched Harpoon technology that was transferred to China. The two nations were drawing closer to each other diplomatically and militarily due to their mutual concern over India, and the Pakistani Navy’s Agosta and Daphne class submarines had been modified to launch Sub-Harpoon missiles between 1984 and 1986. An additional motivating factor was China’s considerable technical assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear and ballistic missile programs. YJ 82 uses active radar-homing, has a range between 42 to 80 km, Speed Mach 0.9 in final approach, 165 kg shaped charge warhead with time-delayed impact proximity fuses. There is another version of YJ 82 which is a turbojet powered YJ-82 (CSS-N-8 Saccade) believed to have a range of 120 Km.  YJ82-Rocket-Propelled-Missile YJ-18 / YJ-18B submarine-launched ASCM While some open sources refer to the submarine launch variant of YJ-18 as "YJ-18B" this has never been officially confirmed. YJ 18 is a submarine-launched variant designed for land-attack missions. It fits in VLS tubes aboard the Song-class SS, Yuan-class SSP, and Shang-class SSN. It entered service in between 2016-2019. The YJ-18 has a subsonic cruise speed, reportedly about 600 miles per hour (mph), or Mach 0.8. Media reports suggest that when the missile is about 20 nautical miles from its target, the warhead accelerates to supersonic speed, reportedly up to Mach 3.0. The more fuel-efficient subsonic stage of the YJ-18’s flight increases its overall range, and the supersonic terminal flight stage reduces the time adversary forces have to engage the missile. According to the U.S. Department of Defense, the YJ-18 has a range of 290 nm. The YJ-18’s predecessor on many Chinese submarines, the YJ-82, has a range of about 20 nm. YJ-18 most likely follows a sea-skimming flight path as it approaches its target. By flying only a few meters above the sea, the missile attempts to evade detection by surface radar until it breaks the radar horizon 16 to 18 nm from its target. Authoritative open source information on the YJ-18’s physical dimensions, including the size of its conventional warhead, is scarce. Some sources, including an IHS Jane’s report, suggest the YJ-18’s warhead weighs 300 kilograms (kg), though other sources suggest it weighs only 140 kg. China is focused on building a robust C4ISR system for detecting ships and aircraft over the horizon, which would provide targeting data to anti ship missiles such as the YJ-18. This system Incorporates an array of ship-borne and land-based radar (including over-the-horizon radar); a constellation of imaging satellites; and a variety of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance aircraft. However, China’s C4ISR infrastructure might be insufficient to generate and fuse the targeting information necessary to take advantage of the YJ-18’s assessed range. According to the US Department of Defense, “It is unclear whether China has the capability to collect accurate targeting information and pass it to launch platforms in time for successful [anti ship missile] strikes in sea areas beyond the first island chain.” Moreover, some systems in China’s C4ISR infrastructure may be vulnerable to countermeasures, such as electromagnetic warfare operations, that could degrade the ability of the PLA to detect, identify, and track enemy ships and employ anti ship missiles against them in a contingency.The YJ-18 most likely is capable of INS/GNSS guidance with terminal active radar homing. Other variants reportedly include a ship launched land attack cruise missile, a ship launched anti-ship missile and a truck launched anti-ship missile.   CJ-10 The CJ-10, rumored to have been developed from the Russian Kh-55 (AS-15 ‘Kent’), employs a combined inertial navigation system (INS), satellite, and terrain contour matching (TERCOM) navigation to a maximum range of 1,500 km. Yu-8 rocket-propelled torpedo Yu-8 torpedo is a rocket propelled ASW torpedo similar to CY-5, but with a different payload. The exact type of the light weight torpedo (LWT) carried by Yu-8 has not been officially released by the Chinese governmental sources, but many military analysts and enthusiasts have concluded it is the Russian APR-3E torpedo based on other information released officially by the Chinese government in 2015. The existence of Yu-8 designation was first revealed in March 2014, and confirmed more than a year later by CCTV-7 in August 2015, when it aired a footage of Chinese naval war game that contained the launch of rocket propelled ASW torpedo from VLS of a Chinese warship, with designation Yu-8 torpedo assigned. Yu-8 is designed by the 705th Research Institute in Kunming, with program begun in 2002 and completed in 2006 The Russian torpedo is approximately a meter, or a third longer than its western counterparts, such as A244-S, Sting Ray, or Mk 54, and is also nearly twice the weight of its western counterparts, but more importantly, the range of Russian APR-3E LWT is only a third of that its western counterparts. If a very fast nuclear submarine is targeted by Yu-8 near its maximum range, then from the time Yu-8 is launched to its point of entry, the target might have already opened up the gap and thus has successfully escaped by getting out of the range of APR-3E. Just as in the case of CY-3 development from CY-2, to ensure the point of entry of Yu-8 is within the 3 km range of APR-3E, a data link is also incorporated to enable the weapon to receive target update from other platforms such as surface ships and aircraft. This feature is not a must for western LWT torpedoes with a range that is approximately three times of that of Russian LWT, and hence when the Chinese official sources have revealed the existence of datalink on Yu-8, it suggests the LWT Yu-8 delivers is Russian APR-3E or similar Chinese copies. Many military analysts and enthusiasts have also postulated that since the Russian LWT is larger and heavier, to maintain the same range of CY-5 armed with lighter and shorter torpedoes of western origin, the rocket motor of Yu-8 would have to be either larger or more powerful.  Launch of Yu-8 anti-submarine missile in July 2015 Han (Type-091) ~ 3 The Type 091 (or Type 09-I, NATO codename: Han class) is China’s 1st-generation nuclear-powered attack submarine built by Huludao-based Bohai Shipyard. A total of five Type 091 submarines have been constructed between 1967 and 1990, of which three still remain in active service today. Construction of the first Type 091 nuclear-powered attack submarine Chang Zheng 1(pennant number 1701, later changed to 401) began in 1968. Boat 401/Chang Zheng 1 was launched in December 1970 and its nuclear reactor was activated in July 1971. The sea trial began in August 1971 and the submarine was commissioned into the PLA Navy service in August 1974. However, the boat did not achieve initial operational capability for another decade, due to various technical issues and a lack of a suitable torpedo and associated fire-control. The second hull Boat 402/Chang Zheng 2 launched in 1977 suffered from similar issues. Unconfirmed reports suggested that France transferred some technologies in fire-control, sonar and nuclear reactor to China in the mid-1980s to help improve the Type 091. Type 091 appears to have been built in three variants: the basic variant (Boat 401 and 402), the improved variant (Boat 403), and the further improved variant (Boat 404 and 405). From Boat 403/Chang Zheng 3, the submarine’s hull was stretched by 8 m. Boat 401 and 402 received modernization refit in the late 1980s and was put back in service in the mid-1990s, but they were eventually retired in 2000/01. Boat 403 began mid-life refit in 1998 and was back in service in 2000. Type 091 utilizes a water-drop shape with a double-hulled configuration. The submarine has four stern rudders with a single large 4-blade shaft. The hull has seven watertight compartments, with the sail located above the second compartment. Pair of foreplanes is positioned in the middle of the sail. A number of retractable masts are carried inside the sail including periscopes, radar antennas, radio and satellite communications, and navigation masts. The submarine can fire torpedoes and deploy mines from its six 533 mm torpedo tubes. Boat 404 and 405 can also launch the wire-guided anti-submarine torpedo and the YJ-82 anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM). The propulsion rested on a 90 MW pressurized water reactor with a primary loop system. It was filled with very hot and high-pressure pure water, classic core and a control rod. The loop comprised a circulation pump with a voltage regulator and steam generator. There was also a rear auxiliary engine with backup secondary circuit system, driving auxiliary equipment, composed of a steam turbine generator set with a condenser. Top speed of the Type095 was 12 knots on surface, 25 knots underwater, which was a far cry of the 33 knots of the November or 40+ knots of the Alfa. Working immersion depth was 300 m. Devoid of any measure for quiet internal assembly for the turbo generators; the type 091 was estimated 2.68 times noisier than the Los Angeles-class SSNs. 1992-96 09-I Upgrade The three hulls in active service have received extensive modernization refit and upgrades, including anechoic tiles and modernized mission systems. These submarines are considered loud and therefore an easy target to track. To reduce their noise signature, the class was outfitted with anechoic tiles, which are essentially rubberized tiles that adhere to the submarine’s hull. These tiles are impregnated with air bubbles of varying diameter that are optimized to absorb enemy sonar at varying depths, in order to minimize a return signal, or ping. Despite this, the Han-class’ present battlefield effectiveness is questionable. They have also been fitted with the technologies originally developed for the next-generation nuclear submarines, such as the H/SQG-207 flank-mounted sonar array and the new 7-blade propeller. However, the submarine is generally regarded as inferior in terms of quietness, weapon systems, and sensors.  Weapons Yu-3 HWT The Yu-3 is an acoustic-homing, submarine-launched, anti-submarine warfare (ASW) torpedo designed by Xi’an Precision Machinery. Initially developed for China's nuclear submarine programme, it is China’s first indigenous anti-submarine torpedo and entered service with the PLA navy in the mid-1980s. An improved variant known as Yu-3II (also known as Zhonhuaxun-II or ET-32 in its export names) was introduced in the 1990s. Following the successful development of the Yu-1 unguided submarine-launch torpedo in the 1960s, 705 Institute began to develop a new guided torpedo for the Chinese navy’s proposed nuclear attack submarine (SSN). Instead of developing the relatively simple anti-ship torpedo, which only requires the guidance system to work in two-dimensional mode, 705 Institute chose the more technologically challenging anti-submarine torpedo, where the guidance system is required to work in a more complex three-dimensional mode. Initial feasibility study began in 1964 and the development programme was officially approved in March 1966 under the designation Yu-3. Early basic variant Yu-3 used a mechanical scanning guidance system, which requires the torpedo to reduce its speed when approaching to the enemy submarine so that the guidance system could detect and lock on the target. This had resulted in the guidance system highly complex and unreliable. A new multi-pulse acoustic-homing guidance system was under development since 1967 to solve the problem. The improved Yu-3 Batch 0 was successfully tested in December 1977. However, the torpedo did not receive its batch production certificate until 1984; nearly 20 years after the programme began. 705 Institute and 750 Test Range began to develop an improved Yu-3II in May 1985. Known as Zhonhuaxun-II or ET-32 in its export names, the torpedo received no order from either domestic or international market. The Yu-3 anti-submarine torpedo designed to be launched from both nuclear-powered and conventional submarines. It is acoustic-homing and electric-propelled, able to engage high-speed, deep-diving nuclear submarines. Several modifications have been incorporated to Yu-3 torpedo. One of the important upgrade was to incorporating Anti Surface warfare (ASuW) capability to Yu-3 torpedo so that the submarines would no longer need to carry separate ASuW and ASW torpedoes. In May 1985, Dawn Machinery Factory, 750 Test Range and 705th Research Institute jointly developed an export version as Chinese sturgeon-II, with export designation as ET32, but there was no known export. Other modifications included updating electronics and incorporating the capability of being launched from different platforms and being used as part of the CAPTOR mine type mine system Specifications Calibre: 533mm Length: 6,600mm Weight: 1,340kg (combat variant); 1,203kg (training variant) Warhead: 190kg Power Plant: Electricity Speed: 35 kt Range: 13Km Depth of Search/attack: 6~350m Depth of launch: Maximum 150m Guidance: (Yu-3) Passive acoustic-homing; (Yu-3II) Active/passive acoustic-homing ET32 torpedo with the name Chinese sturgeon -II is an export version of Yu-3 torpedo marketed by China Shipbuilding Co., but as of 2009, there is no known export. ET32 is almost identical to Yu-3, but slightly smaller, and can only be launched from submarine. YJ-82  Yu 3 Type-095 Tang Class (Under Development) Type 095 (Chinese designation: 09-V) is a proposed class of third generation nuclear-powered attack submarines. They have been developed by reference to Western design and have a single hull shell with small sound reflection area. It will have a displacement of 7900 tones. It is anticipated that Type 095 submarines will have a substantially reduced acoustic signature, within an improved hull type. Compared to the Type 093, the Type 095 will have a more advanced nuclear reactor, VLS tubes and greater number of advanced sensors such as new active/passive flank array sonar and low and high frequency towed sonar array. It is also speculated that Type 095 submarines may act as a potential undersea escort for any future PLAN aircraft carrier task forces. It is belived that Huludao ship yard will be used to build new nuclear-powered attack submarines for that china upgraded the ship building facility. Huludao expansion started in 2014 with large new construction halls built on reclaimed land. The hall has three construction bays, each large enough to house two submarines. The buildings themselves were complete by 2017, but it is only recently that they have been connected to the dry dock where the submarines will be launched. A new launch barge has been put in place to transfer the submarines from dry land into the water. So China now has the facilities lined up to start launching Type-095 submarines. They use new-type single axis pump for water jet propulsion with significantly low noise between 100 and 110 dB. Their sonar system contains a ball-shaped sonar array in the row, multiple-line array noise distance measuring sonar’s by their sides and a seabed scan sonar below their bow. According to sina.com.cn, China will adopt the following six new technologies in its type 095 attack nuclear submarines: new water injection propulsion, super strong steel, mixed single and double-hull structure, new comprehensive vibration reduction floating raft and vertical launch tube for cruise missile. The website says that the new submarine has to have an underwater speed not less than 33 knots, silent cruise speed not less than 18 knots and maximum submerging depth not less than 600 meters. That means the submarine is better than the US Virginia-class and comparable to the US Seawolf-class attack nuclear submarine. Weapons
Type 095A Type 095A is a China’s third-generation attack nuclear submarines. It will be an improved version Type 095 with 16 VSL for submarine launch of CJ 10 cruise missiles for precision ground attack.   SSK ~48 Kilo (Project 877) ~2 A kilo class submarine was designed by the Rubin Central Maritime Design Bureau, St Petersburg. Subsequent developments have led to the current production versions, China has two Type 877EKMs. The PLA Navy ordered two Project 877EKM submarines from Russia in 1994, and took delivery of them in 1995. In the early years of operating the Kilo submarines, the PLA Navy reportedly experienced some mechanical problems due to insufficient crew training, and more constantly because of the material problems including the troublesome batteries and generators. The first two Project 877EKM submarines were said to be out of operation for several months due to technical problems. As the PLA Navy became more efficient in operating the submarine, these problems were subsequently solved. The Project 877EKM has a displacement of 2,300 t when surfaced and 3,950 t submerged. Type 877EKM has a displacement of 2,300t surfaced and 3,950t submerged. Maximum diving depth is 300m. Speed is 10k when surfaced and 17k when submerged. The range is 6,000 miles when sailing at 7kt and 400 miles when submerged at 3k. WeaponsThe Type 877EKM has six 533mm torpedo tubes and carries 18 heavyweight torpedoes (six in the tubes and 12 on the racks), with an automatic rapid loader. Two targets can be engaged simultaneously. Two of the launch tubes can fire the TEST-71MKE TV electric homing torpedo, which has an active sonar homing system with TV guidance which allows the operator to manually switch to an alternative target and can manoeuvre in two axes. It weighs 1,820kg with a 205kg explosive charge. The submarine is also fitted with UGST wake-homing torpedoes. This torpedo weighs 2,200kg with a 200kg explosive charge. It has a range of up to 40km and a depth of search of up to 500m. The tubes are also capable of deploying 24 mines. The submarine has a launcher for eight Strela-3 or Igla surface-to-air missiles. 6x 533 mm torpedo tube (2 top, 4 below), carrying 18 torpedoes (6 in launch tubes and 12 on weapon racks) or 24 mines. The two outbound tubes at the bottom can launch TEST-71MKE TV electric homing torpedoes. The two upper tubes can launch the 3M-54E anti-ship cruise missile.
Sensors
 Improved Kilo (Project 636) ~2 The Project 636 class diesel-electric submarines, Kilo NATO-codename, are a further development of the proven Project 877EKM submarine featuring a quieter propulsion system as well as an improved weapon system. An order was placed in 1996 for two additional Kilo submarines in the improved Project 636 variant, making the PLA Navy its first international customer. The delivery of these submarines took place in 1997 and 1998. Type 636 is designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface-ship warfare (ASuW) and also for general reconnaissance and patrol missions. The Type 636 submarine is considered to be to be one of the quietest diesel submarines in the world. It is said to be capable of detecting an enemy submarine at a range three to four times greater than it can be detected itself. The improved Project 636 has more powerful diesel generators, but with a lowered speed main shaft, which provides a substantial reduction in the acoustic signature of the submarine. The Project 636 has an extended hull with slightly larger displacement. The maximum diving depth is 300 m. The surface speed is 11 knots and the underwater speed is 20 knots. The personnel onboard total 52, and the submarine has an endurance at sea of 45 days. The submarine’s propulsion system consists of two diesel generators, a main propulsion motor, a fuel-economic motor and a single shaft driving a seven-blade fixed-pitch propeller. There are two additional stand-by motors for running in shallow waters, at mooring and in cases of emergency. Two 120-cell storage batteries are installed in the first and third compartments of the submarine. Sensors
Improved Kilo (Project 636M) ~8 In 2002, the PLA Navy signed a US$1.5 billion deal with the Russian state arms export agency Rosoboronoexport to purchase eight more Project 636M submarines. In May 2002, the Russian news agency Itar-Tass confirmed that construction on the first two hulls of these submarines was to commence during the first quarter of 2003 at the Severodvinsk Shipyard. The remaining six hulls were to be built at Admiralteyskiye Verfi Shipyard in St. Petersburg (five hulls) and at Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard in Nizhniy Novgorod (one hull). Delivery of these submarines began in 2005 and was completed by 2007. The purchase of additional Kilo submarines reflected the PLA Navy’s urgency in building a modernized underwater force that capable of supporting its military actions. The Varshavyanka class (Project 636.3, 636M) is an improved version of the Kilo class submarines, featuring advanced “stealth” technology, extended combat range and ability to strike land, surface and underwater targets. They are primarily intended for anti-ship and anti-submarine missions in relatively shallow waters. The main export client for the Project 633M was China they acquired 8(10 some sources) submarines. The Project 636 class boats displace 3,100 tons, reach speeds of 20 knots, can dive to 300 meters and carry crews of 52 people. The submarines, which feature 533-milimeter torpedo tubes and are armed with torpedos, mines, and Kalibr 3M54 (NATO SS-N-27 Sizzler) cruise missiles, are mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine missions in relatively shallow waters. Weapons
  Ming Class (4 Type-035, 4 Type-035B) ~8 Type-035 The Ming-class submarines (Type 035) are medium sized diesel-electric submarines. In the 1960s China reverse engineered the Russian Romeo Class into the Chinese Romeo-class Type 033. The Ming-class Type 035 was developed in the 1970s from the Romeo Type 033. China built more than 20 Mings from the 1980s to 2000s in part as a hedge against more risky, higher tech conventional sub projects being delayed particularly the Song-class, Type 039 submarine. This fleet addition ultimately totaled twenty-three boats consisting of the base Type 035 model and the subsequent Type 035A, Type 035G, and Type 035B design standards (as well as export designations). The class and subclasses arrived in 1974, 1982, 1990 and 2000, respectively, forming a considerable portion of Chinese undersea prowess for a time. Type 035A Type 035A is the second unit of the Ming-class submarine with pennant number 342 was built at Wuchang Shipyard, and many problems were discovered during its trials. As a result, the Chinese navy ordered 701st Institute to perform a major redesign, which not only solved the problem, but also increased the top speed by 40% to 18.3 knots . The redesigned boat was completed in June 1980, and finally entered Chinese service on December 24, 1982, with a new designation of Type 035A. The improved version is somewhat shorter than the initial Ming design, but with a deeper draft and somewhat greater displacement. The improved Ming has eight torpedo tubes [versus six on the earlier version], with the two new tubes placed astern.  Type-035B First batch of four completed between 2000 through 2003, and additional order followed sometimes later. Conning tower and certain portion of hull were redesigned, with new structure similar to that of Type 039 submarine. This type was capable of launching land attack cruise missiles from torpedo tubes. The 035B was the last series, with a first batch of four completed 2000-2003 (309, 310, 311, 312), and an additional order with the 313, which was the last of the series. It was a hybrid between the new 039 Song-class and the Ming, integrating its new Conning tower, while a large portion of the hull was redesigned to be made more hydrodynamic, with a new coating, and an internal arrangement also copied over the Type 039 submarine. This last Ming type was given land attack cruise missiles, launched from the same 21-in torpedo tubes. The 035B was armed with the Yu-4A 1985 torpedo and ET31, which has a 5.6 km range. It is believed that currently 4 Type 035G & 4 Type 035 B are operational Sensors
Weapons Yu-4 HWT The Yu-4 is a submarine-launched, passive acoustic-homing torpedo derived from the Soviet SAET-50/50M torpedo introduced in the late 1950s or early 1960s. Other upgraded versions, Yu-4B, are fitted with acoustic homing head and feature extended range using improved batteries. The torpedo has a diameter of 533mm, a range between 6 to 15 kilometers with a cruise speed from 30 to 40 knots, Yu-4A and Yu-4B respectively. The torpedo is suitable to engage both surface ships and submarines. The Yu-4A torpedo entered service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) submarine fleet in the early 1980s. The Yu-4 torpedo can be thought of as China’s first modern antiship (ASuW) sub-launched torpedo. Its story begins in 1958, when the Soviet Union struck a deal with the PRC to transfer technology that could be used to build electric torpedoes. The designs and know-how to build the then-current Soviet SAET-50 passive-homing electric-powered torpedo was transferred, but the transfer was not completed before the Sino-Soviet split occurred. As a result, the Chinese engineers attempted to continue with the incomplete technology but ran into issues, including various explosions during testing and trials. Thus, the project was then shelved until 1966 when development was restarted. Five prototypes of the original Yu-4 were presented to the PLAN in 1971, but they were not accepted into service due to insufficient fusing reliability and excessive noise. The Yu-4 development programme was resumed in 1966, with the prototype finished in 1971.This design was rejected by the PLA Navy due to its poor performance. Later the PLA navy decided to develop a passive acoustic-homing variant Yu-4A and a joint active and passive acoustic-homing variant Yu-4B. The development work was carried out by Northwest Polytechnic University (NPU) and Dongfeng Factory respectively, with Pingyang Machinery Factory being the primary contractor and manufacturer for both variants. The passive acoustic-homing Yu-4A succeeded in February 1984, and entered service with the PLA Navy in the same year. The torpedo is carried by the Type 035 (Ming class) and Type 039 (Song class) diesel-electric submarine. The Yu-4B with active/passive acoustic-homing received its design certificate in February 1984, but may have not entered service. The Yu-4B has been promoted to the international market under the name ET31. The Yu-4B has a speed of around forty knots, a range of up to fifteen kilometers and a warhead of 220 kilograms of high explosives. Due to the adoption of newer technologies such as the silver-zinc battery, the performance of Yu-4 torpedo has exceeded the Russian SAET-50 torpedo it is based on, and reached that of SAET-50M: the speed of the Yu-4 torpedo is increased more than 25% to 30 knots (56 km/h), even 1 knot (1.9 km/h) faster than the SAET-50M, and the range is increased 50% to 6 km, equal to that of SAET-50M. For these reasons, the Yu-4 torpedo is considered at least equal or better than Russian SAET-50M torpedo, the successor of SAET-50 torpedo, and even comparable to Russian SAET-60 torpedo in some aspects. However, the 6 km range was considered rather short for modern naval warfare by the Chinese navy, which led to one of the major upgrade resulted in increased range (up to 15 km), and in comparison to Yu-1 torpedo, there were not as many Yu-4 torpedoes entering service like Yu-1 torpedo. Like Yu-1 torpedo, Yu-4 torpedoes in Chinese inventory have been continuously modified, such as incorporating ASW capability, updated electronics and propulsion system, and being converted as part of CAPTOR mine type mine systems. This would make sense, as the PLAN’s current doctrine puts emphasis on A2/AD capabilities. Specifications Calibre: 533mm Length: 7.75 meter (305 inch) Warhead: 309 kilogram (681 pound) Weight: 1,775 kilogram (3,913 pound) Propellant: Electric (silver-zinc) Cruise Speed: 40 knot (0.06 mach) Max Range: 15,000 meter (8.10 nautical mile) Depth of Search/attack: 5~45m Guidance: Passive acoustic homing (Yu-4A); Active/passive acoustic-homing (Yu-4B) Yu-3 HWT  Ming (Type-035(G)) ~12 The Type 035G inaugurated a new wave of modifications and development started in 1985, likely to integrate now available western electronics. The first boat was released just when the cold war was about to end, launched in 1989 and entering service in December 1990. The lead boat was state certified after numerous trials in 1993, and production of the 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 305, 306, 307 and 308 was sanctioned. All these had extensive anti-submarine (ASW) capabilities for the first time. The primary weaponry for Type 035G is Yu-3 torpedo, and French sonar DUUX-5 and its Chinese-built version were used on later units, 12 of which were completed between 1990 and 1999. The last unit with pennant number 308 was lengthened by 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) to add a section for AIP tests. The newer Type 035G models, totaling twelve boats in all, arrived during the 1990s and improved in areas of crew comfort, operating systems, and stealth (one was lost after mechanical failure while on exercise in April of 2003, costing the lives of seventy crewmen). The series was then modernized through the Type 035B which added a revised sail as well as changes to the hull and support for missile-launching from its torpedo tubes. These became four (or five depending on sources) examples added in 2000 and represent the most modern version of this Chinese submarine design. Weapons
Song (Type-039(G)) ~12 Type 039 / Song Class attack submarine was built by Wuhan Shipyard (Wuchang Shipyard) for the PLAN. It was the first indigenously built submarine of China. The class is preceded by Type 035 (Ming Class) and succeeded by Type 041 (Yuan Class) submarines. The Type 039 was introduced to replace the Romeo / Ming Class submarines. The keel of the first submarine of the class, No. 320, was laid down in 1991. It was launched in May 1994 but was not commissioned until June 1999 due to design and performance problems. When introduced for active service in June of 1999 with the People's Liberation Army Navy, the Type 039 submarine became the first such vessel to be completely designed, developed and manufactured in China. The all-modern boat is a conventionally-powered diesel-electric submarine capable of undertaking traditional attack or deterrent missions as needed. It forms part of the 12-strong "Song-class" of underwater fighting boats for the Chinese navy. The Type 039 was designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) using torpedoes and submarine-launched anti-ship missiles. The submarine is also capable of reconnaissance, water mine laying and patrol roles. The submarine itself is a blend of Chinese and Western technologies, and represents a major leap forward in China’s conventional submarine design. .The design features a low-drag hydrodynamically profiled hull and sail. Type 039 was the first submarine to use a teardrop hull design. The body is water-drop shaped and the hull is covered with rubber tiles to absorb the sound waves of sonar. The class is equipped with a seven-blade propeller and an engine fitted with a shock-absorbing base. The submarine incorporates Chinese and Western technologies. Type 039 has a length of 75m, a beam of 8.4m and a draught of 5.3m. The submerged displacement of the boat is 2,250t. The submarine has 12kt – 15kt surfaced and 22kt dived speed. It can complement 60 crew members. The submarine is primarily designed for anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare. It can also perform the missions of reconnaissance, mine laying and patrolling. At least four variants of the Type 039A family have been identified so far: Type 039A, Type 039AG, Type 039B, and Type 039C, which differ slightly in appearance and sail shape. Later variants of the submarine are believed to be approaching the latest designed introduced by Russian and Western navies in capability and performance. According to the Chinese newspaper Science and Technology Daily ,this 039A class is equipped with an air-independent propulsion system developed by the 711th Research Institute of the China Shipbuilding Heavy Industry Group Corp. Referred as a "specialized engine" in official Chinese sources. Weapons
Sensors
 Type 039G Following extensive redesign work, a new modified version of Type 039 known as Type 039G was introduced. The new design reduced the acoustic signature and enhanced the underwater performance of the submarine. The second hull (Boat 321) with a redesigned conventional sail began construction in 1995 and was launched in August 1997. The submarine was commissioned by the PLA Navy in February 1999. This was followed by the laying of the third hull (Boat 322) in December 2001 and the fourth hull (Boat 323) in November 2003. Type 039G fixed the problems found on the lead ship which delayed its commissioning four to five years from 1994 when the boat was originally delivered to the PLAN. Type 039G1 In 2004, a further improved variant Type 039G1 began construction at both Wuhai-based Wuchang Shipyard and Shanghai-based Jiangnan Shipyard, with a total of 9 hulls launched between 2004 and 2006. Type 039G1 version most likely fitted with Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system.  Yuan (Type-039A) ~4 Type 039A submarine is a class of diesel-electric submarine in China's People's Liberation Army Navy. It is China's first AIP powered submarine and presumed to be one of the quietest diesel-electric submarine classes in service. This class is the successor of the Type 039 submarine. The official Chinese designation is 039A as the ship is based on the 039 class, but as the 039A has very little resemblance to the 039 it is commonly referred to as the Type 041. The class is designed to replace the aging Type 033 Romeo and the older Type 035 submarines that previously formed the backbone of the conventional submarine force. The submarine was initially thought to be a new class of submarine, and was given a new reporting name as ‘Yuan’ class. It later transpired that the submarine was actually designated Type 039A, a radically modified version of the Type 039 (Song class) incorporated with design features and technologies of the Russian Project 877EKM/636 (Kilo class). The submarine appears to be a mixture of Chinese indigenous designs and Russian influence, featuring a pair of sail-mounted hydroplane, four stern diving planes, and a single large propeller seen previously on the Type 039. However, the submarine’s hull and sail designs suggest heavy Russian Kilo class influence. The Type 093A is equipped with an indigenously-developed AIP system. The Yuan-class SSK is integrated with advanced noise reduction techniques including anechoic tiles, passive/active noise reduction, asymmetrical seven-blade skewed propeller, the 039A is expected to be as quiet as other modern diesel-electric submarines, which are difficult to track. Yuan’s “small” size, air-independent power (AIP) system, and long-range ASCM capability, which make it ideal to operate in shallow, coastal waters.  Type 039AG This second member of Type 039A series is frequently but erroneously identified as its development, Type 039B, because externally, the two version looks the same above waterline. The only difference lies below the waterline, which is not readily observed, and it is believed that all Type 039AG have been converted to Type 039B. The most obvious external visual difference between Type 039AG along with its development Type 039B and earlier Type 039A submarine is also in the conning tower: the shape edge at the top of conning tower of Type 039A is replaced with smooth round shape transition. In addition, there is a bulge in the middle of the smooth transition in the forward portion of the conning tower housing some kind of sensor, and this is a new feature earlier Type 039A lacks. The PLAN has conducted small step modifications throughout the Yuan-class Type 039A program (of all variants). The first four Type 039 SSKs are different from each other for example. Four major variant are known: Type 039A (based on the older Type 039), Type 039AG, Type 039B and the modified 039B/039C. Weapons
 Yuan II (Type-039B) ~12 This third member of Type 039A series looks identical to earlier Type 039AG from which it is developed from. The biggest difference between Type 039B and Type 039AG is that Type 039B has incorporated flank sonar array, which was subsequently retrofitted on Type 039AG and some earlier boats. This difference, however, is not readily observable because the flank array is installed at the lower portion of the hull. It was only in the early 2010s when a Type 039B built by Shanghai Changxing Shipyard exposed in the berth, when the flank array of Type 039B became publicized, thus distinguish the type from earlier Type 039AG that lacked the flank sonar. Type 039 B Upgraded/ Type 039C Upgraded Type 039B has a modified hull and redesigned conning tower with extrusion at the root of the conning tower in both the bow and stern direction, similar to that of conning tower of Virginia-class submarine. This modification to their sail should allow a better hydraulic flow thus better acoustic performance and lower emitted noise. In addition, the bulge housing unknown sensor on board Type 039B in the forward section of the top edge of the conning tower is absent on the new boat launched in April 2014, but there are three white lines at the top of edge of the conning tower on both sides, presumably for environmental sensors. On one of the three modified Type 039B/039C there are three white lines at the top of edge of the conning tower on both sides, presumably for environmental sensors. Export variants submarines based on the Type 039A have been recently proposed for export to Pakistan (S20P) and Thailand (S20T). Modified Type 039B/039C is likely fitted with Yu-6 torpedo, YJ-82 ((YingJi-82 or Eagle/Hawk-82) anti-ship missiles and maybe the new YJ-18B (YingJi-18 or Eagle/Hawk-18) supersonic anti-ship missile. Weapons
Qing (Type-032) (SLBM trials) ~1 The Type 032 (Qing-class) is a double-hulled, experimentally-minded attack submarine serving the Chinese Navy. It followed the Type 039A (Yuan-class) of 2006 into service when commissioned in 2012 (October 12th, 2012) and both are conventionally-powered through a diesel-electric propulsion scheme. Designed in 2005 with work beginning in 2008, the Type 032 was launched in September of 2012 - considered to be the largest diesel-electric-powered submarine currently in active service. As an experimental platform, the Type 032 is used exclusively in the fielding of submarine-related equipment for active evaluation at-sea. Its profile is generally consistent with modern submarines with a short, rounded nosecone, rounded hull and tapered rear section. The sail, well-contoured into the hulls design lines, is positioned just slight ahead of midships and, in 2017, was given a raised structural extension. The dive planes are positioned on the upper sides of the forward hull. Along the ventral line of the hull is a noticeable protrusion. The tailplanes, seated ahead of the multi-bladed propeller shaft, is of a typical cruciform arrangement. The submarine is able to remain submerged for a period equal to thirty days and an enclosed shelter component supports the delivery of Special Forces elements. A crew escape pod is built into the sail section in case of emergencies. Submerged, the vessel has a displacement of 7,305 tons (short) and an overall length of 304 feet, a beam measuring 33 feet and a draught down to 22.45 feet. The diesel-electric drive powers a single shaft at the stern using a traditional propulsion arrangement. Maximum speed is said to reach beyond 14 knots. The boat features a crew of eighty-eight and armament is 1 x 650mm torpedo tube with 1 x 533mm torpedo tube. In addition to this, the vessel carries 2 or 3 x Surface-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) and is equipped with a 4-cell Vertical Launch System (VLS) housing Land-Attack cruise missiles. It is said to be the world's largest conventional submarine, at a submerged displacement of 6628 tons and is able to submerge for a maximum of 30 days. The Type 032 has a similar ventral "bay" to the Golf class submarine that protrudes downward. The submarine is a test bed for new technologies such as combustion powered torpedoes, compartments for special forces, underwater unmanned vehicles, new SLBMs, new cruise missiles, new anti ship missiles, new SAMs, and a new escape pod which are applied to the Type 095 and Type 096 submarines. Great Underwater Wall In December 2015, CSSC announced that China will construct an underwater observation system called 'Underwater Great Wall’ (UGW)' in the disputed South China Sea region. The project aims to build a network of ship and underwater subsurface sensors, capable of “real-time location, tracing of surface and underwater targets.”1 The project includes various components like surface ships, sonar systems, underwater security equipment, marine oil and gas exploration equipment, unmanned underwater equipment and marine electronic equipment. The UGW project is considered as an advanced form of the Sound Surveillance System, which was used by the United States to detect the Soviet Union submarines during the Cold War. The current project is part of a major proposal released by the State Oceanic Administration in setting up an offshore observation network by 2020. The proposal maintains that building a network covering coastal waters, the high sea, and polar waters would be fundamental for China to strengthen its maritime power. The program plans to create a monitoring system of surface and underwater conditions. The system will include:
Submarines rely on sonar to discover, track, and attack targets, but the temperature and salinity of water determines how fast and in which direction sound waves travel. These factors must be taken into account when determining the position of enemy vessels as well as when navigating treacherous areas. China successfully tested a network of twelve underwater gliders that can travel for a month at a time. Chinese gliders are capable of transmitting data back in real-time. China has also set the record for the deepest and longest dives with its underwater gliders. The military can use the temperature and salt-level data from the deep to build a complete, precise model of the physical ocean. The model will help submarines to avoid dangerous areas and predict the occurrence of deathtrap currents, which might jeopardize a naval operation. In addition to gliders, China has also built a communications network more than 1,300 feet below the surface of the western Pacific. The deep-sea sensors are continuously feeding data to satellites via solar-powered buoys. The collected information is then transmitted to three intelligence centers where it is analyzed. In the event that Chinese submarines must stay hidden and cannot surface to receive data, they have been equipped with powerful algorithms that can predict water conditions based on the limited information collected from a vessel’s sensors. The Chinese sensor network stretches from the first island chain to the east coast of Africa across the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. This area largely falls under trading routes that China hopes to dramatically expand with its Belt and Road Initiative. China also revealed that it has embedded two advanced acoustic sensors in the deep ocean near Guam, the largest U.S. military base in the Western Pacific. In addition to scientific research, the powerful acoustic sensors can detect the movement of submarines in the South China Sea and could even intercept communications.  Model of Great Underwater Wall Distributed tactical surveillance An autonomous underwater vehicle and fixed underwater sensors can monitor areas for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting and intrusion detection systems. The underwater sensor can reach high accuracy and enable detection and classification of low signature targets. Therefore, such tactical surveillance can play an important role in maintaining maritime security. Given the monitoring capability of the sensors, it would lay the groundwork for a monitoring system underneath the South China Sea. It is also argued that, given the CSSC, one of China’s top shipbuilding and defense groups’ role in the construction of UGW, it would probably be bought by the PLA Navy. In such a case, the military capabilities of the project would grow. It is apparent from the above discussion that the UGW is a multi-dimensional project, aimed to protect China from both the traditional and non-traditional security threats. CSSC’s research and production bases in Beijing and Wuxi will play a crucial role in completing the project. It has the ability to support the whole industry covering fundamental research, key technology development, solution design, overall system integration, core equipment development, production, and operation service support. It is still not clear, in which area of the South China Sea bordering China’s coastal region, the UGW project will be deployed. Nevertheless, Lyle J. Goldstein observes that “the current project would not be limited to the waters under China’s jurisdiction, but will also take into account areas touching China’s national interest, which includes the near seas, the depth of the farthest seas and around island bordering the far seas as well as strategic passages.”9 Hence, besides the South China Sea, China may utilize the project to safeguard its interest in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific as well  Factors Responsible for the Construction of China’s UGW Project There are two major factors which led to the development of UGW project; first, China wants to develop to build an undersea monitoring system, which could detect any threat at any given point of time. It is a well known fact that lack of an advanced maritime surveillance system is a serious challenge in securing its growing maritime interest. There is also an opinion that, “China’s current maritime security is complex, where most of Beijing’s undersea domain doors have been left open.” China’s method of tracking undersea targets is said to be weak and resulted in the need to construct well designed underwater observation system to safeguard its maritime domain. The national security imperative is clearly visible for the construction of UGW project. Second, China’s earlier underwater observation systems have failed to deliver the desired objective due to either lack of coordination, duplication in the construction, and weak project implementation. Most of the earlier systems are limited by low rate of data utilization, spatial coverage and lack of timely continuity of the system for long term development. As a result, China has failed to build a well-designed underwater observation system, which could have the capability to detect an underwater threat in any given situation.  Implications of the China’s UGW Project In the wake of growing tension over the South China Sea disputes, the China’s State Shipbuilding Corporation announcement to develop UGW has resulted in concern and speculations. The CSSC is the key stakeholder of the UGW project and it is one of the top defense groups that build virtually all PLA Navy warships. The CSSC has earned the reputation of being the backbone of the PLA Navy’s warship needs. Given that, it is plausible that the UGW will have a crucial role in serving various interests of the PLA Navy in securing China’s maritime frontier. Besides military, as the power competition between the United States and China grows, UGW could be an important response by the Chinese over the South China Sea dispute and the US’ increasing Freedom of Navigation (FON) patrols. Lyle J. Goldstein has argued that the development serves as warning that Beijing is not simply willing to surrender to the US undersea dominance.13 It also sends a clear message to other countries involved in the disputes that China is less likely to sit on the table to discuss the resolution of disputes. The project is also understood as a significant response to the Japan’s activation of a coastal surveillance unit on Yonagunt Island, 67 miles from the east coast of Taiwan. Therefore, at both regional and international politics level, the construction of UGW project raises concern and can deepen tensions in the South China Sea. In the long term, as land resources deplete, a competition to extract resources from the deep sea will increase. Furthermore, with this increase in role of the sea, the sea based observation system will be the future of the marine exploration. At present, the United States, Japan, Canada and Europe are taking the lead in underwater observation. The gap between China and other countries, mentioned above in terms of undersea technology is enormous. Also, China’s current state of underwater surveillance capacity is inadequate for the country’s growing needs to safeguard its maritime interests. If China is able to construct the UGW successfully, it will achieve a major breakthrough in underwater exploration capability, which can enhance China’s ability to strengthen its maritime interests including the most immediate one in the South China Sea.  Challenges The underwater sensor networks primarily need the acoustic capability to sense the undersea events or developments. There are three distinct layers of this acoustic capability – the acoustic sensor, the analysis algorithms and the information sharing mechanism. We also call it to see, to understand and to share. The sensor hardware is highly specialised and can be sourced from a few entities in the US and Europe. In the post-Cold War period, it’s available though at a significant cost. The share category has also matured in the areas of technology and management available from other above water networks. It’s only the analysis that requires significant indigenous effort and import is not possible. This includes data pre-processing to improve data quality and the application of specific information extraction. The pre-processing to improve data quality requires significant understanding of the underwater channel behavior and mitigation. The South China Sea like the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) being in the tropical littoral region requires special efforts and cannot be compared to the SOSUS system deployed in the temperate or near polar seas. Sonar suffers near five times degradation in range when deployed in the tropical waters compared to the SOSUS location. The underwater medium acoustically behaves like shallow waters in the tropical region, up to 2000 m depth based on the sound axis location. The ongoing strategy to replicate the Cold War development of underwater technology in the tropical littoral settings is a far cry. They have repeatedly failed in the absence of massive infrastructure investment to understand the medium characteristics. Such investments are possible only with the pooling of resources across maritime stakeholders. The Cold War trend of massive military investments gave rise to significant technology developments, however even in the US today; massive military funding is no more politically and economically viable. The massive military infrastructure, particularly in the underwater domain, was opened up for the so-called civilian research to support the sustainability of the projects post the Cold War. The SOSUS was also opened up for marine mammal and acoustic research post the Cold War period. Conclusions The UGW comes amid growing tension over the South China Sea disputes. The announcement, therefore, emerges as a defensive reaction by China over its position on the South China Sea disputes. The project has been designed in a comprehensive manner. It is expected to perform a number of tasks including environmental protection undersea, providing early warning of a disaster like tsunami, sea quakes, and typhoons, and to detect any underwater threat. The project can be considered as a major proposal to strengthen China’s maritime power . With growing concern over maritime security, this project will continue to occupy a significant place in Beijing maritime interest in the times to come. Hence, UGW project has the potential to play a major role in China’s long-term maritime interests. The UGW project is a significant initiative to build underwater capability for any maritime power that aspires to compete with the global powers. Even if it does not achieve the stated objectives, it is still worthwhile to invest and develop the capability. A comprehensive UDA concept in the tropical littoral waters is a first of its kind effort and may have only deterrence value for its adversaries rather than any credible response to the growing tension in the South China Sea. Optimum sonar performance will continue to remain a challenge in the tropical littoral waters. The initiative in its construct does reflect the participation of all the four stakeholders of UDA namely, the national security, marine environment and disaster management, Blue economy and the underwater technology development. The earlier efforts by only the military have failed as the resource requirement for any underwater network initiative in the tropical littoral waters is huge, and no single stakeholder can build the infrastructure on their own. India faces similar challenges in the IOR. Effective UDA will be the backbone of maritime growth that is sustainable, safe and secure. The UGW project represents an initiative that has emerged from a well-conceived maritime strategy. The Chinese project will significantly enhance their underwater capabilities for both military and non-military applications. The IOR and the South China Sea have evolved as the strategic hotspots of the 21st century. The political instability and economic opportunities in an unregulated maritime space make them extremely vulnerable and contested maritime zones. Similar UGW project in the IOR for India does have significant merit. Autonomous Underwater vehicles HSU001 China unveiled their first large-displacement Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) at the 70th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing on 1st October. The new UUV is approximately the same size as the US Navy’s LDUUV projects suggesting that it is large enough to carry smaller UUVs or, potentially, sensors or mines. The design appears to be intended primarily for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). It features twin screw-back propellers suggesting that it is optimized for slow speed cruising relatively near the surface (as opposed to a deep-diving AUV). It has both vertical and horizontal thrusters both fore and aft. The spikes on the top of the hull are for launch and recovery. There appear to be external stores mounting points (‘hard points’) either side of the hull. The HSU-001 is primarily a reconnaissance drone. The masts atop the drone would be used to transmit intelligence back to the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) via satellite. While that communication could potentially be intercepted, in all likelihood the drone would move positions by the time it did, posing little risk for the vessel itself. It has twin propellers, called screws in nautical circles, are optimized for cruising. So the HSU-001 is likely to be used for long range patrols. There are also thrusters buried in the hull which allow it to hover or move vertically up or down, even sideways. The flat nose is a telltale sign that it has relatively large sonar there for detecting underwater targets. The above-surface eyes and ears are carried by two masts which fold down into the streamlined hull when not in use. The small bumps either side at the front might be part of a homing system to allow it to locate underwater objects, possible even a mother submarine. Large underwater robots are seen as one of the key emerging technologies in naval warfare but so far the cost and complexity of this solution has meant that no country, has fielded them operationally. As the size of the AUV gets larger and more capable the complexity of operating it, transporting and maintaining it increases. So most operational AUVs are very small. The HSU-001 is therefore at the leading edge of AUV adoption. Zhishui Class The name of this class AUV, Zhi-Shui, is an abbreviation of intelligent underwater robot. This class of AUV is developed based on the experience gained from Explorer AUV developed earlier. Zhishui 1 HEU developed the “Zhishui I” prototype in 1992.The first model which is rumored (yet to be confirmed) used as training and teaching aid instead of being deployed in the field.Development timeline 1990–1992 Zhishui 2 Zhishui 2 is an improved version of Zhishui 1. Zhishui II was introduced in 1995. It can dive upto100m. Zhishui 3 Zhishui-3, completed trials in July, 2000 and subsequently entered Chinese service. The Zhishui III UUV completed testing in 2000 and has entered service in the PLAN since. This 2000 kg autonomous UUV is used for missions like mine hunting and salvage surveys. UUVs of this size often have an endurance of a couple days due to their power hungry propellers. It can dive upto300m. This large has two cross-tunnel thrusters for maneuvering, and was developed with the help of Harbin Engineering University. Zhishui-3 has a similar appearance to earlier Explorer AUV, with a cylindrical body resembling a miniature submarine without the conning tower. Contrary to most other AUVs that are often powered by a single propeller, Zhishui-3 is powered by twin propellers. The two shrouded propellers are installed just below the horizontal control surfaces of the crucifix control surfaces at the stern. Zhishui class AUV is claimed to be capable of performing a variety of tasks by the designers, but no details are released because it is designed for military application from the start, as opposed to other Chinese AUVs that are also used for civilian applications. Zhishui-II/III is currently in service with PLAN. Zhishui 4 Zhishui 4 is an improved version of Zhishui 3. It can reach up to 300m of depth. Development started in 2001 and completed in 2005. Zhishui V Zhishui 5 is further improved version of Zhishui. It can reach up to 1000m of depth. Development started in 2006 and completed in 2010.  HSU 0001  Zhuzhui 2  ZhiZhui 3 AUV-RS 'Smart' Unmanned Underwater Combat System AUV-RS family consist five different models of varying sizes. At least one of the models is capable of deploying weapons (Torpedoes/Missiles). As seen in the photo below, it can deploy missiles to attack surface ships, to detonate mines. It can even deploy payload that pops onto the surface to communicate with satellites. What it isn't clear to me is whether the featured payloads also belong in the same AUV-RS family. Sea Wing Sea Wing is an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) developed by China's Academy of Sciences Institution of Oceanology. Like other underwater gliders, Sea Wing moves through the water using a buoyancy compensation system filled with oil. The glider is used for oceanographic research and has on board sensors for to measure seawater temperature, salinity, turbidity, chlorophyll, oxygen content and ocean current changes. In 2014, a Sea Wing completed a 30 day test in the South China Sea totaling 1022.5 kilometers. In 2015 Sea Wings were deployed in the East China Sea, South China Sea and other waters of the western Pacific to complete observations of ocean phenomena including the Kuroshio Ocean Dynamic Processes spindle, eddies, and Nanhai Xi boundary flow. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation has also developed a Hybrid Driven Underwater Glider, which uses a feathering propeller that gives it additional speed and maneuverability. An Upgraded Haiyi (Sea Wing) underwater glider deployed from a Chinese government scientific research vessel on December 11, 2019 have successfully conducted an underwater survey expedition in the East Indian Ocean, the company responsible for manufacturing the gliders announced in late March. Underwater gliders, which glide through water columns by use of a pair of wings, are efficient long-distance, long-duration marine environment observatory platforms. The Sea-Wing underwater glider, developed by the Shenyang Institute of Automation, CAS, is designed for the application of deep-sea environment variables observation.  AUV-RS 'Smart' Unmanned Underwater Combat System family  Sea Wing DSRV Deep-Submergence Rescue Vehicle Type 7103 DSRV Type 7103 DSRV is usually carried by Type 925 Dajiang class submarine rescue / salvage ship (ASR/ARS) of PLAN, which also carries the training submersible. A total of 4 Type 7103 DSRVs are built, but in general, only two are readily available at any given time, while this pair is deployed on ships, the other pair would be at base for maintenance and providing secondary shore-based training. Under emergency situations, all four could be readily available for deployment. While at sea, each Type 925 Dajiang class ASR/ARS would only carry one Type 7103 DSRV, while the slot for the second is used to carry the training submersible for training at sea. During rescue missions, the training submersible would be replaced by a second Type 7103 DSRV LR7The LR7 is a manned submersible undersea rescue vehicle in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) since 2009, and is usually deployed onboard one of China's Type 926 submarine support ships. Constructed by the British firm Perry Slingsby Systems, of the Triton Group, as a development of earlier LR5, the 25 ft long LR7 is designed for retrieving sailors from stranded submarines at a depth greater than 300 meters, and is capable of rescuing 18 at a time Midget Submarines CSIC MS200 China recently revealed the MS200 midget submarine design at the Defense & Security 2017 defense exhibition in Bangkok, Thailand. The 200 tons submarine is a new single-hulled design which differs greatly from previous Chinese midget submarine designs. It is likely intended solely for export, being aimed at countries like Pakistan who are Chinese submarine customers and happen to have a fleet of midget submarines (Italian Cos.Mo.S MG110 type) which are due for replacement. S600 Displacing 600 tons, the design has a length of about 50 meters; a breadth of 4.6 meters and a height of 5.6 meters. In terms of performance, its maximum submerged speed is about 15 knots (9 knots surfaced), its range is 2000 nautical miles (400 nautical miles while submerged on AIP module). Its maximum diving depth is 200 meters. Its endurance is 20 days at sea. The submarine can accommodate a crew of 15 personnel. Based on the model, the submarine has 4 torpedo tubes. S1100 Displacing 1,100 tons, the design has a length of about 60 meters; a breadth of 5.6 meters and a height of 6.8 meters. In terms of performance, its maximum submerged speed is about 15 knots; its range is 3000 nautical miles (800 nautical miles while submerged on AIP module). Its maximum diving depth is 200 meters. Its endurance is 30 days at sea. The submarine can accommodate a crew of 18 personnel. The service life of the submarine is 25 years. Based on the model, the S1100 submarine has 4 torpedo tubes.  7103 DSRV  CSIC MS 200 Anti Submarine Warfare Type 056A ASW corvette ~3 Type 056 Jiangdao is a new class of stealth corvettes built by four Chinese shipbuilders to replace the ageing Type 037 fleet of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy. A total of 70 Type 056 frigates were built by four Chinese shipyards from 2011 to 2019. The Jiangdao Class corvette can be deployed in patrol, escort, search-and-rescue, surveillance, exclusive economic zone (EEZ) protection, electronic warfare (EW), fishery resources protection, anti-aircraft warfare (AAW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASUW) operations. The first Type 056 entered service in February 2013. An anti-submarine warfare (ASW) variant, commonly known as Type 056A, has also entered service. The stealth corvette class was built at Wuchang, Huangpu, Hudong-Zhonghua and Liaonan shipyards. People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) Type 056A is an improved variant of the Type 056 class corvette intended to perform anti-submarine warfare (ASW). Type 056A adds towed array and variable depth sonar’s (VDS); the towed body suggests the VDS are "not an exact copy" of either the Italian/US DE-1163 or the French DUBV-43. It is likely that the Chinese will have undertaken extensive trials and analysis of any imported equipment and built a nominally indigenous system using the knowledge gained. The weapon system's YJ-83 anti-ship missiles have been removed and replaced by 2x4 multi-barrel rocket launcher to engage submerged submarines. Besides, the weapon system comprises a PJ26 76mm naval gun, two PJ17 30mm cannons, a single 8-cell HQ-10 air defense system (eight FL-3000N surface-to-air missiles) and 2x3 torpedo tubes filled with Yu-7 or Yu-8 torpedoes. The lead Type 056A ship was commissioned in November 2014. Type 927 ~3 Recently a new class of twin hull surveillance ship has been identified, with a similar size and configuration to the U.S. Navy’s Impeccable class, which is designed to deploy a large and capable “surveillance towed array sensor system” (SURTASS). The Chinese ship has sometimes been referred to as Type 927 (though that designation has also been used to refer to the new training ship in service), with three vessels launched up to date. Six ships of another, smaller type are also currently in service. Very few navies operate a robust fleet of SURTASS vessels. Such ships are intended for peacetime monitoring of a large expanse of water, rather than operating directly in support of a combat element during anything greater than a low intensity conflict. Simplistically, SURTASS ships can be thought of as a peacetime force multiplier for combat units engaged in ASW such as surface combatants, helicopters, MPAs, and even other submarines, by providing oceanographic and sonar data gathered during peacetime. The pursuit of a number of large, capable SURTASS ships is among the most credible indicators of the PLAN’s seriousness in tackling the ASW mission. Type 927 vessels are twin-hulled, with a displacement of approximately 5,000 tonnes. The ships are 90 meters long and have a beam of 30 meters being completed at a shipyard in Huangpu near Hong Kong that has built SWATH designs for the Chinese navy before. SWATH vessels are both extremely stable and extremely quiet, especially when outfitted with electric motors for propulsion. Their stability and quiet make them especially useful for hydrographic surveying and research utilizing sonar and other sensitive acoustic equipment, and for locating submarines. While the photographs do not yet show any obvious equipment such as reels for towed sonar arrays, the vessel is almost certainly intended to support Chinese anti-submarine warfare operations to detect and track submarines. The Chinese vessel bears an unmistakable resemblance to U.S. Navy Ocean Surveillance Ships, which are equipped with advanced sonar arrays to detect and track submarines at great ranges. These ships trail sensitive listening equipment on long cables that can pick up the sound of submarines travelling underwater and track their movement. Some can augment their passive listening arrays with low-frequency active arrays that send sound waves into the water to bounce off submerged submarine hulls to reveal their location. Shipboard ASW Weapons Two new ship-launched ASW rocket and missile systems in recent years have contributed to this. The first of these is the Yu-8, a weapon similar to the U.S. Navy’s VL-ASROC that can be vertically launched from the 054A’s vertical launch system (VLS). This system is said to have a range of about 50 km, and carries either a Yu-7 or Yu-11 lightweight torpedo. A 50 km ranged weapon greatly extends the capability of a surface ship to organically engage a submarine at safer distances, especially when paired with more capable sensor suites such as the two tail Variable depth sonar (VDS) and towed array sonar systems (TASS) outfit. Furthermore, the Yu-8 is almost certainly capable of being equipped aboard all 054A ships, not merely the two tail “054A+” ships, which greatly expands the ASW lethality of single tail 054A FFGs as well. There is currently no evidence that Yu-8 has been integrated into the universal VLS that equips the 052D and 055 – however, it is likely only a matter of time until Yu-8 or a similar weapon is paired with the universal VLS. A second, more mysterious weapon is a larger cruise missile-like weapon that has been test fired from the ST-16M slant launcher. The launcher typically carries YJ-83 family anti ship missiles and is widely fielded aboard PLAN warships, including all 054As, 056/As, and older DDGs and FFGs. This mysterious weapon is equipped with fold out wings, a ventral air intake, and thought to carry a lightweight torpedo; however, the overall size and configuration of this weapon’s platform suggests a much greater range than the Yu-8. It is not known if this system is currently in service, though its development implies the PLAN is looking to greatly expand the ASW engagement envelope that some warships can enjoy, at the expense of giving up an YJ-83 missile one-for-one. If a vertically launched variant of this weapon is developed, it will likely be too large for the 054A’s VLS but the more voluminous universal VLS aboard the 052D and 055 may be able to accommodate it. Organic sensor capabilities aboard PLAN surface combatants have made a vast leap in quantity and quality in merely four years due to the introduction of the two tail VDS and TASS suite. When paired with the in service Yu-8 system employed from 054A FFGs, as well as new and upcoming ASW weapons, PLAN warships are finally adequately equipped with organic ASW systems comparable to other international high end ASW ships. However, a navy’s overall ASW capability depends on more than organic shipboard sensors and weapons. The situation for PLAN shipboard ASW helicopters remains in transition, and land-based fixed wing ASW platforms are also a burgeoning new capability that has yet to reach a critical mass. Other relevant ASW developments include a class of new ocean surveillance ship, as well as developments of seabed mounted sensors and advancements in new technologies such as unmanned underwater vehicles. Frigates (FFGs) and destroyers (DDGs) also have organic ASW weapons, such as vertically launched missile/rocket launched torpedo systems. ASW Helicopters ASW helicopters greatly expand a warship’s surveillance and engagement area and range against subsurface targets. ASW helicopters are typically equipped with a number of sensors such as surface search radars, sonobuoy launchers, dipping sonar, electro-optic cameras, and the ability to carry torpedoes. Datalinks between the helicopter and warship help to coordinate ASW activities between to optimally prosecute a target. Therefore it is desirable for an ASW helicopter to have a large payload capacity (both for onboard sensors and weapons) and long range and endurance, all while being small enough to be accommodated aboard a surface combatant’s helipad and hangar. Z-9CThe Z-9C is an ASW helicopter developed by Harbin Aircraft based on Harbin Z-9 helicopter, a license-built version of the French AS365 Dauphin. it was outfitted with a pulse-compression radar and low frequency dipping sonar to aid in ASW operations. The helicopter integrates advanced anti-submarine systems such as search radar, dipping sonar system, and ET-52C anti-submarine torpedoes for hunting submarines. The Harpoon landing/take-off system aboard the helicopter ensures operations from ships. The Z-9C enhances the operational range of the host platform while meeting the challenging requirements of modern ASW warfare. The helicopter has a maximum range of 427km and can remain airborne for 2.27 hours. Z-9EC:- ASW variant produced for the Pakistan Naval Air Arm. Configured with pulse-compression radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver and doppler navigation system, it is also armed with torpedoes for use aboard Pakistan Navy's Zulfiquar-class frigates. Ka-28 The Ka-27 and Ka-28 are naval anti-submarine helicopters and the Ka-29 is a naval combat and transport helicopter, designed and manufactured by the Kamov Design Bureau in Russia. The Ka-28, a modification of the Ka-27, is powered by two more powerful TV3-117VK turboshaft engines, with increased fuel and take-off weight.Ka-27 or Ka-28 (export designation) can conduct missions from a variety of naval vessels to counter modern subsurface and surface threats. The helicopters are equipped with VGS-3 dipping sonar and sonobuoys to track and detect submarines. The helicopter is capable of firing torpedoes and anti-submarine missiles and can also be armed with PLAB-250-120 anti-submarine bombs and OMAB bombs. The Ka-27 has a flight range of 900km. Z-18F The Z-18F is an anti-submarine variant of the Z-18 medium-lift helicopter developed by the Changhe Aircraft Industry Group (CAIG). The helicopter, with a maximum take-off weight of 13.8t, can be deployed on smaller surface combatants of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). It forms a part of the helicopter wing aboard the Liaoning (CV-16) aircraft carrier. The Z-18F is equipped with an electro-optic/infrared sensor, a dipping sonar, and a chin-mounted surface search radar. It can carry up to 32 sonobuoys and four Yu-7 light-weight ASW torpedoes or YJ-9 anti-ship missiles. Powered by three WZ-6C turboshaft engines, the Z-18F ASW helicopter attains a top speed of more than 330km/h and a maximum range of 900km. Z-20F Z20 F is a naval version of Z20 Helicopter. The Z-20F is expected to perform anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue missions, and other shipboard operations on the Chinese Type 055 cruisers and aircraft carriers. The service has operated the smaller and more limited Harbin Z-9. The new type is also likely to embark on board some of the later Type 052D destroyers of China’s naval force. The helicopter is closer in form to the mold line of the Black Hawk than its general utility counterpart, especially in terms of its nose section. It features apertures for a missile approach warning system (MAWS) and it has a landing gear arrangement similar to SH-60B/F and MH-60R Seahawks that operate from the small decks of surface combatants. A FLIR sensor is seen underneath the helicopter's nose, as well as what looks like some sort of larger radome for surface search radar under its fuselage. A square hole similar to those found on Seahawk and other maritime-optimized helicopters that use the RAST system for recovery is available in Z20F. The helicopter's tail boom holds a number of features, including a downward-facing UHF communications antenna and a directional data-link antenna under a dome. These are key components that give the Z-20F the capability to send large amounts of information to receivers that are located on the surface of the earth within line-of-sight. For beyond-line-of-sight connectivity, a "towel rack" high-frequency antenna is visible, as is a large satellite communications antenna system is located just aft of where the fuselage connects with the tail boom. An APU exhaust appears to be located just before it on the helicopter's fuselage. There are also brackets for flare dispensers on the tail . Fixed Wing ASW Aircraft Compared to ASW helicopters, the sensors on ASW maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) are more powerful and sometimes more comprehensive in nature, such as including magnetic anomaly detectors and a more robust electronic support measures (ESM) suite. Fixed wing MPAs tend to be larger compared to ASW helicopters, providing not only longer range, endurance, speed, and payload, but also space for more operator consoles to allow the aircraft to conduct more complex missions independently. Many MPAs are derived from existing aircraft such as commercial airliners or transporters. Until recently, the Chinese aerospace industry lacked an appropriate aircraft that could modified into an MPA, and a historical inability of PLA combat aviation to credibly contest air superiority meant the PLAN likely did not consider MPA procurement to be a high priority. KQ-200 Maritime Patrol Aircraft The KQ-200 (also known as Y-8Q or GX-6 or High New 6) MPA is based on the Y-8 Category III Platform featuring WJ-6C turboprops with 6-blade each. The Y-8 is a medium transport aircraft produced by Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation (SAC), itself based on the Soviet An-12. Y-8 Category III is the base platform for most Chinese special mission aircraft. The KQ-200 is designed to equip the PLAN Air Force (naval aviation force) of the North Sea Fleet and South Sea Fleet. It is believed that the special anti-submarine model in 2011, code-named "Gaoxin No. 6", began test flights. The appearance of the aircraft has an enlarged nose radar cabin and a tail. The magnetic anomaly detector, the new internal weapon bay that can carry torpedo weapons in the belly The first two prototypes were first seen at the SAC factory airfield in November 2011. The mass production is believed to have begun in 2015. The aircraft has a range of approximately 5,000 km and a patrol endurance of about 10 hours. Search radar is installed under the nose, while the single sideband radio, inertial system, Omega navigation system, and domestic self-defense warning system and infrared search are added. Submersible systems, sonar buoys, life-saving devices, etc. Its reconnaissance camera system includes high- and medium-altitude optical cameras, low-altitude cameras, infrared cameras, infrared submarine search devices, sonar buoys and delivery devices, sonar receivers, ultra-high frequency directional devices, etc., as well as radar crews and submarine search crews. Seats, life-saving devices include 5-person lifeboats or single-person life-saving devices. Other improvements include: in order to improve the anti-corrosion ability and extend the service life, the external skin, steel parts and all non-air-tight parts of the magnesium alloy parts of this machine are all adopted three kinds of anti-salt spray, anti-humidity and anti-mold Preventive measures: the rear of the fuselage is equipped with a camera hatch on each side, and a vertical camera hatch is installed at the lower part of the tail. The rear door of the cargo compartment is equipped with an infrared camera, an infrared search instrument, a sonar buoy pylon, and a tail gun compartment. It does not carry anti-submarine torpedoes, so it cannot undertake the attack task. It is fitted with four openings to deploy sonobuoys (SQ-4 and SQ-5 by AVIC), and a cargo/weapons bay that can carry anti-submarine grenades and torpedoes. Rumors mention the ability to carry four YJ-83K anti-ship missiles under the KQ-200 wings, but this has yet to be confirmed. Y-8X Maritime Patrol Aircraft The Y-8X or Y-8 MPA is a four-engine turboprop maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) in service with the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). It is a land-based maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft, based on the Y-8 turboprop transport aircraft. The aircraft was developed and built by Shaanxi Aircraft Industry Corporation, a subsidiary of AVIC 1. It is the first long-range maritime patrol aircraft of the PLAN. The PLA Naval Aviation Corps operates a small fleet of the aircraft. The Y-8X development programme was commenced in 1983 when Shaanxi Aircraft Company (now Shaanxi Aircraft Industry Corporation) proposed the development of a special purpose aircraft based on the Y-8 turboprop transport aircraft. The Y-8 is a Chinese licensed copy of the Soviet / Russian An-12 Cub aircraft. Y-8X is the first special mission variant derived from the Y-8 military transport aircraft. The development project was assigned to Shaanxi in October 1983 and design proposal was approved by the PLAN in November 1984. The aircraft development was concluded with the completion of flight tests in less than a year. The first Y-8 MPA was delivered to the PLAN in late 1984. The aircraft received national design certification in 1985. The Y-8 MPA is based on the airframe of the Y-8 transport aircraft. The design incorporates high-mounted wings with drooping outer wing panels. The aircraft has a stepped cockpit and glassed-in nose. A large cylindrical radar dome is installed under the nose. The tail flats mounted on the fuselage are pointed with blunt tips. The landing gear pods are fitted on the midsection of the lower body. The aircraft is fitted with infrared anti-submarine detection equipment including sonobuoys and a sonar receiver. There are low-altitude and medium to high-altitude optical cameras, and an infrared camera installed for aerial imagery. The rear cargo door has been removed to accommodate the mission equipment window. An additional seat has been provided for the radar operator. The sonar operator cabin is added in place of the tail cannon turret on the Y-8 aircraft. Emergency equipment includes five-man or single-man lifeboats. The Y-8X can perform maritime patrol, surveillance, anti-submarine warfare and search and rescue (SAR) missions. The aircraft conducts patrols in the East China Sea region. The PLAN also deployed the aircraft in various reconnaissance missions to collect aerial photos of the islands near the South China Sea. The aircraft can also be equipped for electronic and signal intelligence missions. The Y-8 MPA features upgraded avionics suite and mission equipment. The aircraft is equipped with Doppler navigation radar, radio compass, radio altimeter, beacon marker receiver and identification friend or foe (IFF). There is APSO-504(V) 3 surface search radar housed in the under-chin dome. The aircraft also features an inertial navigation system (INS) and Omega global navigation system. The aircraft is equipped with a self-defence electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite, which consists of an all-aspect radar warning receiver (RWR) and chaff / flare dispenser.The aircraft can fire chaff / flare to deceive incoming anti-aircraft missiles. The Y-8 MPA can conduct day or night operations during all weather conditions. The aircraft can fly at a maximum speed of 662km/h. It has a range of 5,620km and service ceiling of 10,400m. The flight endurance is 10.5 hours. The aircraft can climb at a rate of 10m/s. The maximum take-off weight is 61,000kg. Y-8AF: ASW platform under tests, with extended magnetic anomaly detector at the tail, the latest military version Chinese Secret Submarine Bases Yulin Naval Base Yulin Naval Base is a naval base for nuclear submarines along the southern coast of Hainan Island, China. This underground base has been reported by several intelligence agencies, especially Indian agencies. The images collected by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) in February 2008 shows that China constructed a large scale underground base for its naval forces. China's tend to be built directly into rocky outcrops which may provide many feet of overhead protection. The entrance is usually facing inland (but with water access) so that it is harder to hit from offshore. The caverns are capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines based on reconnaissance satellites data collected. The harbor houses nuclear ballistic missile submarines and is large enough to accommodate aircraft carriers. The US Department of Defense has estimated that China will have five Type 094 nuclear submarines operational by 2010 with each capable of carrying 12 JL-2 intercontinental ballistic missiles. Two 950 metre piers and three smaller ones would be enough to accommodate two carrier strike groups or amphibious assault ships. The best known of these tunnels are two which protect the strategic submarine force. One built at Jianggezhuang Naval Base (36° 6'20.76"N, 120°35'2.39"E) near Qingdao provides a hiding place for ballistic missile submarines based there. And more recently one has been built at Yulin (18°12'8.97"N, 109°41'39.34"E). This is where a new base for nuclear submarines was constructed around 12 years ago. Yulin allows Chinese submarines (and aircraft carriers) easy access to the South China Sea, an important operating area. Recent visitors to the bay surrounding a submarine base on the southern coast of China’s Hainan Island describe a curious nocturnal phenomenon. Powerful spotlights are sometimes trained directly on the ocean frontages of neighboring hotels at night, making visibility out to sea virtually impossible. Some of the lights are mounted on land and others on passing naval patrol boats.  Type 056 Corvette  Type 927  Z9C ASW helicopter  Ka 28  Z 18 F  Z 20 F  KQ 200 Maritime Patrol Aircraft  Y 8 ASW Aircrcaft Conclusions We are leaving the conclusions parts to the readers. Even though both countries are technologically almost in the same level but china significantly outnumbered India. India should immediately act to close the numbers gap as well as need to improve its indigenous technology to outperform china.  Introduction Ballistic missiles are rocket-propelled, self-guided vehicles that follow a ballistic trajectory to deliver nuclear or conventional weapons. They can be launched from aircraft, ships, and submarines in addition to land-based silos and mobile platforms. Ballistic missile systems are cost-effective weapons and symbols of national power. This article is comparing the ballistic missile arsenals of two nuclear armed countries India & China. These two nuclear powers has sufficiently developed ballistic missile program to hit each other. China's program began way back in 50s with Russian help while India's program is totally indigenous & new. People's Liberation Army Rocket Force People's Liberation Army Rocket Force, formerly the Second Artillery Corps is the strategic and tactical missile forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLARF is a component part of the People's Liberation Army and controls the nation's arsenal of land-based ballistic missiles—both (thermo) nuclear and conventional. On December 31, 2015, as part of a sweeping reorganisation and modernisation drive, China’s missile force, the Second Artillery Force , was formally elevated to a full ‘service’ and renamed the Rocket Force. This move recognised the increasing importance of China’s conventional and nuclear missile forces for the country’s military strategy and national security. In addition, it formalised the de facto status of China’s missile forces within the PLA given that the Second Artillery Force has played a role similar to a full service for decades. PLARF missions The PLARF has two key missions: strategic deterrence and war fighting. As the successor of the SAF, the PLARF is the ‘core force of China for strategic deterrence’ with the responsibility for ‘deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China.’ As part of its strategic deterrence mission, the PLARF conducts a diverse range of operations, including the display of combat readiness and missile capabilities through the media, military parades, military exercises, and force deployments. In addition, the PLARF is also responsible for nuclear counterattack ‘either independently or together with the nuclear forces of other [PLA] services’. Under China’s nuclear strategy, nuclear counterattack serves primarily a strategic purpose, such as to deter future nuclear aggression. However, authoritative PLA texts suggest that nuclear counterattacks may also serve secondary operational objectives. In terms of conventional war fighting, the PLARF is responsible for ‘conducting medium- and long-range precision strikes’ with land-based conventional missiles against ‘key strategic and operational targets of the enemy’. The PLA’s conventional missile strategy acknowledges that due to the limited number and high cost of the PLARF’s conventional missiles, ‘the types of targets suitable for conventional missile strike is limited.’ As such, during joint operations, China’s conventional missile force will be used against high-threat and high-value enemy targets, such as reconnaissance and early warning systems , electronic countermeasure systems , anti-air and anti-missile positions , and military bases. The goal of PLARF conventional missile operations is to ‘degrade the enemy’s combat system’ and ‘suppress its operational capabilities’ in order to ‘create the necessary conditions for follow up operations by other service branches of the PLA’ . In addition, the PLARF has a clear counter space role that involves the operation of antisatellite missiles. While much of the PLA’s military space mission was consolidated under the new PLA Strategic Support Force created at the same time as the PLARF, the PLA’s anti-satellite missile capabilities remain under its missile forces. For the PLARF, ‘an important direction in its development’ is to ‘extend its operational capabilities to new areas, such as space’. In fact, according to current PLA missile strategy, under special circumstances, the PLARF’s missiles can be used to strike key nodes in the enemy’s space and information network, such as military satellites. It is envisaged that this would create wider effects on the enemy’s operational systems, thereby creating the conditions for the PLA to ‘seize strategic initiative’. It is also the case that the PLARF’s missile forces could target and attack an adversary’s space related land-based infrastructure, such as telemetry, tracking and control sites and other space communications systems. These PLARF counter space roles will in turn demand enhanced coordination and deconfliction with the PLA Strategic Support Force and its counter space and cyber offense role, adding another layer of command and control challenges for the newly-reorganised strategic forces of the PLA. PLARF nuclear strategy China’s latest defence white paper, the 2015 China’s Military Strategy, presents what has been a longstanding and largely consistent position with respect to nuclear weapons: ‘China has always pursued the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons and adhered to a self-defensive nuclear strategy.’ In addition, ‘China will unconditionally not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or in nuclear-weapon-free zones.’ The White Paper also asserts that ‘China has always kept its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for maintaining its national security,’ and the reason for the modernisation of Chinese nuclear forces is only to ‘deter other countries from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against China’. The positions outlined above are consistent with both past official pronouncements and authoritative PLA publications. For example, in its chapter on nuclear strategy, the 2013 Science of Military Strategy stresses three key points. First, China’s nuclear weapons are used for strategic deterrence and counter nuclear coercion purposes only, and ‘the target of [China’s] nuclear deterrence is limited to other nuclear-armed states.’ Second, China pursues ‘a policy of no first use of nuclear weapons,’ and it will only use nuclear weapons in self-defence when it comes under nuclear attack. Third, China adopts ‘revenge’ logic of nuclear deterrence and would seek to reinforce the credibility and efficiency of nuclear deterrence through improving capabilities for nuclear counterattack. While China’s declared strategy in the white paper is a restatement of earlier positions, its evolving capabilities are opening up new strategic options. This can be illustrated, for example, in the case of nuclear counterattack. In the past, Chinese nuclear doctrine emphasised that nuclear retaliation would occur only after China had absorbed an enemy’s nuclear attack. However, the mobility, readiness and informatisation of PLARF units and the PLA’s new space-based early warning system makes it increasingly feasible for China to adopt a ‘launch on warning’ posture that would have been impossible in the past. PLARF bases and brigades The PLARF remains organized in a series of corps leader grade ‘bases’, now numbering nine in total. Six of them (bases 61–66) command the force’s operational missile brigades, while the other three handle warhead storage and transport (67 Base), specialist engineering (68 Base) and test and training (69 Base). The multiple new missile brigades formed during 2017 are now beginning to take shape, with some resultant relocation of units and changes to equipment and missions. In 62 Base, a combination of rebasing of existing units and the formation of two new brigades is likely to result in an additional brigade of DF-21D medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) and a first brigade of DF-26 intermediate range ballistic missiles being formed in southern China. Both of these missile types have anti-ship capabilities and when the brigades reach operational capability will add to the PLARF’s ability to hold at risk possible targets in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. In northern China, the new brigade in 65 Base will also most probably equip with the DF-21D, since it is currently co-located in Dalian, Liaoning province, with an existing DF-21D formation. This would result in a doubling of the PLARF’s anti-ship ballistic missile brigades, when compared to its roster before the reorganization began. The two new brigades formed in 64 and 66 bases are both likely to work up as road-mobile intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) units; one is most probably charged with bringing the still-developmental DF-41 (CH-SS-X-20) ICBM into service, while the other will probably equip with either the DF-31A(G) ICBM or additional DF-41s. Both of these missiles are believed to be capable of deploying multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles. The new brigades would mark the first expansion of the PLARF’s road-mobile ICBM fleet in nearly a decade. In late 2017, media reports described two test firings of a new developmental short-range ballistic missile or MRBM, reportedly with a hypersonic glide-vehicle payload. It is reported that this missile may have the PLA designation DF-17, but there is limited further information available on the missile; its connections, if any, to existing PLARF designs; and its intended mission. Base number – Headquarters- Brigades/missile types Base 61 Huangshan, Anhui Province
Base 62 Kunming, Yunnan Province
Base 63 Huaihua, Hunan Province
Base 64 Lanzhou, Gansu Province
Base 65 Shenyang, Liaoning Province
Base 66 Luoyang, Henan Province
Base 67 Baoji, Shaanxi Province Responsible for management, storage, handling of nuclear warheads and nuclear weapons training. In addition, it is believed to form part of the nuclear Command, Control and Communications network,
 General Specifications of Chinese Ballistic Missiles Intercontinental ballistic missiles DF-4 (CSS 3) The DF-4 is a two-stage intermediate to intercontinental-range, transportable, liquid-fueled ballistic missile. It has an estimated range of 4,500-5,500 km and carries a 2,200 kg payload. Its payload is designed to accommodate a single nuclear warhead with a yield between 1 and 3 megatons and has an accuracy of approximately 1.5 km CEP. It has a length of 28.0 m, a body diameter of 2.25 m, and a launch weight of 82,000 kg. Development of the DF-4 began in 1965, in parallel with the DF-3. The missile was originally designed to strike U.S. bases in Guam, but following clashes along the Sino-Soviet border in 1969, the DF-4 was redesigned to extend its range to be capable of striking Moscow. Perhaps 25 DF-4 ICBMs are deployed. The missiles are based in silos, including those in northwestern China. The DF-4s have a response time of perhaps 2.5 hours. They have two stages and use storable liquid propellant and strap-down inertial guidance. The missiles have also been produced as boosters for the Long March space vehicles that launch satellites. Two launch configurations exist for the CSS-3: a rollout-to-launch site and an elevate-to-launch silo. Many of the DF-4s are stored in tunnels under high mountains, and are launched immediately outside the mouth of the tunnel. The missiles must be moved into the open and fueled prior to firing, an operational mode dubbed chu men fang pao (shooting a firecracker outside the front door), with the fueling operation apparently requiring hours.DF-4 missiles are slowly being replaced by the DF-21 missile. CEP -1500m  DF-5 The basic variant DF-5 had a maximum range of just less than 10,000 km. The early DF-5 warhead does not have manoeuvre capability, so the re-entry vehicle would make an unpowered descent through the atmosphere to a pre-selected target on the orbital ground track. The estimated CEP for the warhead was over 1,000 m. DF-5 is a liquid-fueled ICBM first deployed in the mid-1980s. This heavy-lift ICBM was designed for use with a single large-yield warhead. As part of modernization effort, the DF-5 is due to be replaced by the DF-41. The DF-5 consists of two stages connected by an inter-stage structure, all 3.35 m in diameter. Each stage has two propellant tanks: an oxidiser tank at the front and a fuel tank at the rear, connected by an inter-tank ring section. Oxidiser is pumped to the engines via a pipe penetrating through the centre of the rear fuel tank. The two propellant tanks and the inter-tank ring section form part of the vehicle’s thrust and weight bearing load structure and are constructed from high-strength aluminium-alloy LD10. The DF-5 was the first Chinese ballistic missile to have adopted a ‘Computer-Platform’ inertial guidance system. The system utilises a fluid-suspended gyro-stabilized platform (Project 157), with gas bearing gyroscopes to achieve a high degree of accuracy. The onboard computer (Project 156) was China’s first integrated circuit miniaturised computer, which became successful in the late 1960. China may have 20 DF-5. In February 2016, it was reported that older single-warhead DF-5 missiles were being retrospectively fitted with MIRV warheads, allowing China to increase the size of its nuclear arsenal without deploying additional missiles. CEP-800m DF 5A (CSS4) The improved DF-5A began development in the early 1990s, with the objective to field a missile with an extended range of 13,000 km. The extended range was achieved by increasing fuel capacity and reducing the weight of the re-entry vehicle heat shield. Other improvements include an improved warhead with a reaction control system (RCS), which allowed the warhead to deviate from its re-entry trajectory to reach a selected landing site and achieve greater accuracy. The launch system was also redesigned to simplify the launch procedure and reduce launch preparation time. The first flight test of the DF-5A using a depressed trajectory took place on 17 June 1993 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre. A second test using an elevated trajectory took place on 26 July 1995 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre. Both tests were successful, allowing the DF-5A to enter operational service.It had the maximal firing range of 12,000km-15,000km. The DF-5A has been upgraded to carry MIRVs and is operational since 2010.it is the first DF-5 model to be equipped with multiple independently-targetable re-entry vehicles and is fitted with 1-3 MT yield nuclear warheads and decoys or penetration aids to increase the chances of surpassing missile defense systems. The DF-5A and the DF-5B are presently in production by the People’s Republic of China and are both considered to be operational. DF-5B (CSS4-MOD2) Revealed in Beijing on September, 2015 the DF-5B is China’s most recent DF-5 variant and is much larger than its counterparts. DF 5B can Carry up to 4-8 nuclear warheads with a circular error probability of 300-500meters.DF 5B MIRVs are housed inside a blunt payload fairing similar to that of the CZ-2C launch vehicle. As of 2016, China is reported to have around 10 DF-5B launchers and 30 warheads. CEP-300-500m   DF-5C (CSS-4 Mod 3) The DF-5B is an intercontinental-range, silo-based, liquid propellant ballistic missile that was deployed in 2015. The physical size of the DF-5B is identical to the DF-5A but it has been upgraded to carry MIRVed warheads. DF 5B can carry 3 MIRV. The DF-5B has a 300 m CEP increase in accuracy from its previous iteration. In early 2017, China purportedly tested the DF-5C, which is capable of carrying 10 nuclear warheads, a significant increase from the three warheads previously deployed on the DF-5B. The increased number of MIRVs may imply that China has more than the estimated 250 nuclear warheads previously believed. CEP-300m China’s liquid-fueled, silo-based ICBMs DF-5A and MIRVed DF-5Bs will potentially be replaced by incoming solid-fueled DF-41 ICBMs. It is possible that China intends equip all of its DF-5s with MIRVs before they are eventually retired. . If China wishes to place multiple warheads on any of its other existing missiles, it would need newer, smaller nuclear warhead designs. New warhead designs might require testing. Absent testing, which Beijing stopped in 1996 after signing the CTBT, China would probably struggle to develop warheads in the challenging design space of a few hundred kilotons of yield with a few hundred kilograms of RV mass a warhead similar to the US thermonuclear warhead, the W76. Faced with this challenge, China would have to sacrifice significant yield, reliability, or both.   DF 5A DF-31 (CSS-10 Mod 1) DF-31 is a solid-fueled ICBM which was first deployed in 2006. It is a land-based variant of the submarine-launched JL-2. It was originally called the DF-23 but was changed later on to the DF-31 because of a change in operational requirements. The DF-31 has a range of about 7,200 km, but cannot reach the continental United States from its deployment areas in China.2 It is presumed to have taken over much of the regional targeting (of Russia, India, and Guam) previously done by the DF-4, which we estimate will be retired soon. . DF 31 deployed in 2006, the reasons for the DF-31’s apparently slow introduction are unclear and some recent US overviews don’t mention the missile at all. DF-31 carries a single 1 MT capacity warhead. DF 31 is estimated to have a length of 13.0 m, a diameter of 2.25 m, and a launch weight of 42,000 kg. Maximum range of this missile is in between 7,000 and 11,700 km. The warhead assembly is expected to have a payload of 1,050 to 1,750 kg with a single 1 MT nuclear warhead. The DF-31 is equipped with an inertial navigation system. While accuracy is expected to be around 300 m CEP, several reports have suggested that a silo-launched missile would have an accuracy of 100 m CEP and a TEL-launched missile would have an accuracy of 150 m CEP. It is estimated that China deploys 15 DF-31 ICBMs. CEP -150m  DF-31A (CSS-10 Mod 2) DF 31A is an improved version of DF 31. It was designed with MIRV capability to hold 3 to 5 warheads, each capable of a 20–150 kt yield, but is thought to be armed with only one warhead with penetration and decoy aids to complicate missile defense efforts. It can carry maneuverable reentry vehicles. First tested in 1999, The DF-31A was deployed in 2007 and has a range of over 11,000 km. This version uses a significantly longer third-stage motor to bring the missile to a total length of 18.4m. This missile has the same diameter in its first and second motor stages as the DF-31, while the lengthened third stage is narrower at 1.5 m in diameter. The overall launch weight is believed to be 63,000 kg. China has an estimated 32 DF-31A launchers deployed with the Second Artillery Corps of the PLA in four brigades. It has been reported that there are both road-mobile and silo-based versions of the DF-31A. Road-mobile version of the DF-31A based on a semi-trailer that also acts as Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL). It is towed by a Hanyang HY4330 8x8 tractor truck. This combination has some degree of cross-country mobility; however it is intended to operate on hard surface roads. Once on high alert the road-mobile version can leave its base and operate in remote areas. Such mobile missiles are typically harder to intercept. These have a high probability of surviving the first strike once the country has been attacked. CEP – 100m  DF 31 AG The DF-31AG is a solid-fuel missile. It has three stages. This missile has a range of 11 200Km. DF-31AG reportedly carries multiple independently-targetable warheads (MIRVs). DF 31 AG has internal navigation system with indigenous Chinese BeiDou satellite navigation system. Some sources suggest that it has an accuracy of 150 meters or even better. This missile carries decoys in order to overcome missile defense systems. DF-31AG is an enhanced version of the DF-31A ICBM Both DF 31A& DF 31 AG uses a transporter-erector-launcher to increase its mobility and survivability. DF 31AG was previously refereed as the DF-31B; however it appeared that its official name is the DF-31AG. It made its public debut during a major military parade marking the 90th anniversary of the People's Liberation Army. It was reportedly tested in 2015 and was first publicly revealed in 2017. A total of 16 DF-31AG launchers with missiles were publicly presented during this parade. Such appearance of numerous missiles indicates that the DF-31AG is already in service with Second Artillery Corps that are de facto strategic missile forces of Chinese army. The previous DF-31A missile is silo based, while its road-mobile version is based on a semi-trailer. On the other hand the new DF-31AG is based on an 8-axle launcher vehicle and is more mobile. This feature widens its deployment options and thus increases survivability. Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) vehicle is based on 8-axle Taian special wheeled chassis. The TEL vehicle has some degree of cross-country mobility, though it is mainly intended to operate on hard surface roads. Vehicle has autonomy on roads of around 500 km. The missile's TEL features an extra pair of elevators near the aft of the missile unlike the TELs of the DF-31 or DF-31A, suggesting a heavier missile second and third stage than earlier variants. Once on high alert the road-mobile DF-31AG missiles can leave their bases and operate in remote areas. Its autonomy allows the vehicle to operate undetected. As a result these have a high probability of surviving the first strike once the country has been attacked. CEP- 150m  DF-41 (CSS-X-20) Under development since 1997, the DF-41 was rumored to appear in parades in 2015 and 2017, but instead was kept under wraps, it first appeared in 2019. According to some reports DF 41 is still in development. The US Defense Department says this missile is capable of carrying MIRVs, and rumors have spread in the news media that the DF41 can carry six to 10 warheads. The number of warheads the DF-41 carries might be significantly less, perhaps three, and the additional payload capability focused on decoys and penetration aids to overcome ballistic missile defense systems. DF-41 will likely replace the DF-5 ICBM. DF 41 is a three-stage solid-fuel based Missile. DF 41 has a range of 12,000Kms. While no information has been published concerning the configuration of this missile, the most straightforward path towards its development would be the addition of an enlarged third stage to the DF-31 ICBM. The larger third stage and longer range of the DF-41 is made possible by the fact that, unlike the DF-31, the size of the DF-41 is not constrained by the requirement that it be fitted into a submarine launch tube. The DF-41 strategic weapons system will have a mobile launch capability providing greatly improved survivability compared with previous Chinese intercontinental missiles. It will likely have a top speed of Mach 25. Mobile-launched DF-41s can be carried by trucks and trains. Satellite photos taken in 2019 showed DF-41 mobile launchers in the PLARF Jilintal training area in Inner Mongolia .On 5 December 2015 China conducted a launcher test of a new rail-mobile version of the DF-41, similar to the Russian RT-23 Molodets. China may deploy the DF-41 in numbers. At least 18 of them appeared to be at the Inner Mongolia training ground in satellite photos. CEP – 100m  Intermediate-range ballistic missiles DF-26 DF-26 is a solid-fueled intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) with a range of 3,000-4,000km. It is road-mobile, consists of two stages, and is designed for surface-to-surface operations. However, the missile reportedly has capabilities as an anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) as well, targeting medium and large surface ships including aircraft carriers. China officially unveiled the DF-26 in 2015 during its V-Day parade, and has been in operation since 2016. DF 26 is likely a longer-ranged version of China’s DF-21 MRBM. The missile can be armed with a conventional or nuclear warhead. There are Speculations about a new variant of DF 26 dubbed as DF-26B; some analysts believe that the new missile is an extended range anti-ship variant of the DF-26. DF 26 can carry several types of conventional warhead which use different destructive mechanisms to attack specific targets. For example, penetration warheads would be used to damage area type targets such as airfields and ports, piercing and exploding warheads would be used to destroy hardened targets such as bunkers and cave depots, and fuel-air explosive warheads would be used against electromagnetic targets such as command organizations and computer centers. China may have 100-160 DF 26 IRBMs. CEP – 100m   Medium-range ballistic missiles DF-16 (CSS-11 Mod 2) The DF-16, first revealed publicly in September 2015, has a range of over 1000km and a warhead of over 500kg, employing the same transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) as the DF-11 with a new prime mover. It is likely a replacement for the DF-11, and may employ the same warhead as the DF-15B. Development of the DF-16 began in the mid-2000s. It was likely a replacement to China’s older DF-15 and DF-11 SRBMs, which date back to the 1990s and 1970s, respectively. Imagery of the DF-16 was first revealed on Chinese websites in September 2012. China, however, did not officially unveil the missile until a September 2015 military parade in Beijing. It was initially identified as the DF-11C, a two stage variant of the DF-11. . The DF-16 is a two-stage solid-fueled, road-mobile, short-range ballistic missile. It has a diameter of 1.2 m and can carry a 1,000 kg payload upto 1,000 km. It can be equipped with up to three MIRV high explosive, nuclear, or submunition warheads. DF 16 is one of China’s most advanced SRBMs. Deployed on a five-axle Sanjian Corporation TEL; the DF-16 is road-mobile and is launched from a vertical position. Using both inertial and GPS guidance systems, the missile is highly accurate with a CEP of 5m and capable maneuvers to avoid missile defense systems during the terminal phase. Reports from Taiwanese officials and Chinese media suggest the missile had already been operational for several years prior to its official unveiling in 2015. The DF-16 likely entered service in 2011-2012. It is currently deployed to the PLA Rocket Force in Guangdong Province, which puts Taiwan and Vietnam within its targeting range. China may have deployed up to 50 DF-16s. CEP- 5m  DF-17 The DF-17 is solid-fueled, measures around 11 m in length, and weighs around 15,000 kg. The DF-17’s booster appears to be the same as that used for China’s DF-16 ballistic missile. Its accompanying DF-ZF HGV reportedly reaches speeds of Mach 5-10 (1.72-3.43 km/s) in its glide phase. U.S. intelligence assessments suggest that the DF-17 possesses a range between 1,800 and 2,500 km. Although Chinese commentators have emphasized the DF-17’s conventional mission, the missile may alternatively equip nuclear warheads. DF-21 (CSS-5 Mod 6) Development started in the late 1960s and was completed around 1985–86. It was developed from the submarine-launched JL-1 missile, and is China's first solid-fuel land-based missile. Approximately 10-11 missiles can be built annually. DF-21 had a range of 1,770+ km, and a payload of 600 kg consisting of a single 500 kt nuclear warhead, with an estimated circular error probable (CEP) of 300~400 m; this version did not enter operational service The Kaituozhe 1 (KT-1) is a four-stage, solid-propellant space launcher based on the DF-21 design. CEP- 300- 400m  DF-21A The DF-21A has an increased range of 2,700 km and an estimated CEP of 50 m. The missile is configured for nuclear-strike missions only. It was estimated that so far around 200 missiles are produced. The DF-21 units were deployed in areas closer to China’s borders to allow adequate coverage of targets previously covered by the DF-3A, which has a longer range, but is less accurate. The DF-21A was operational by 1996. CEP- 50m  DF-21C First revealed in 2006, the DF-21C is a conventionally-armed MRBM system with a maximum range of 1,700 km. Unlike the early variants, the C-variant is mounted on a WS2500 10 x 10 transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicles, which offers better travelling capability and survivability. The new GPS-based guidance system has reduced the missile’s CEP to 30—40 m, enabling it for near-precision-strike missions. China may have 100 DF 21 C Missiles. The missile was the first dual-capable version, able to be armed with either a nuclear or conventional warhead. In 2010, the DF-21C was being deployed in central Western China. CEP- 30m (10m according to some other sources) SC-19 The rocket booster for China’s kinetic kill vehicle (KKV) used during the January 2007 anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon test was reported to be SC-19, a modified variant of the DF-21 or KT-1. Short-range ballistic missiles DF-15 CSS-6 The DF-15 is part of the “M” family of missiles that began development in 1984 and were intended for export. The “M” family class of missiles was derived from both the Soviet S-75 (SA-2) short-range surface-to-air missile as well as the SS-1 ‘Scud’ missile. It is believed that the DF-15, given the export name M-9, was developed for Syria and the DF-11 (CSS-7), or M-11, was created for Pakistan. The DF-15 was first displayed in 1988 at the Beijing International Defense Exhibition and flight-tested in June of that same year. It became operational in 1989 with the PLA Artillery Corps and completed development in 1990. DF-15 is a short-range, road-mobile, solid propellant ballistic missile. The DF-15 can deliver a payload of 500 kg to 750 kg up to a maximum range of 600 km. Its payload carries a single separating warhead which can be equipped with a 50 to 350 kt nuclear device, chemical agents, conventional high-explosives (HE), or submunitions. Unconfirmed reports suggest that options for fuel-air explosive (FAE) warheads or electromagnetic pulse (EMP) devices may also have been developed. The DF-15 has an estimated accuracy of 300 m CEP. The missile is 9.1 m in length with a diameter of 1.0 m and a launch weight of 6,200 kg The missile is carried on an 8-wheeled TA5450 transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle manufactured by Taian Special Vehicle Factory to provide full road and cross-country mobility. In time of crisis the missile system could be quickly mobilised from bases to launch locations by railway. The TEL vehicle then carries the missile to a launch site with pre-calculated coordinate data. Alternatively, the missile can be launched from an unprepared location by using GPS to obtain coordinate data. The DF-15 uses an inertial guidance package, coupled to a faster on-board computer system to give a high accuracy. The early model has a circular error probable (CEP) of 300—600 m, but subsequent improvements on the guidance system has increased the missile’s accuracy to CEP 150—500 m. This allows the DF-15 to be used for a conventional precise-strike to destroy large fixed targets such as command & control centres, air defence missile sites, and airports. It is generally believed that the DF-15 has been incorporated with a GPS receiver, which can provide significant improvements to the missile’s accuracy. Moreover, by reducing the need for precise alignment of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) prior to launch, the use of GPS can significantly reduce the time and effort required for prelaunch preparation of the missile. This in turn can improve prelaunch survivability, particularly for mobile missiles. The DF-15 is a tactical missile designed to strike adversary weapons, grounded aircraft, command and control facilities, and other critical infrastructure. CEP- 150m  DF-15A (CSS-6 Mod-2) The DF-15A variant is a new missile focused on improving accuracy and range which became operational in 1996. The missile is slightly larger than the original DF-15 and has a range of 900km as well as a 100m CEP. It is equipped with a high-explosive warhead and uses an inertial guidance system. The missile is reportedly nuclear-capable Approximately 400-500 DF-15A's are in service with the PLA Second Artillery Corps today. CEP – 100m  DF-15B CSS-6 Mod 2 The DF-15B missile is an upgraded version of the previous version of the DF-15A missile with improved accuracy, using control fins, improved terminal radar guidance, control fins on the reentry vehicle, and an active radar seeker and laser rangefinder. It has a range from 50 to 800 km depending on the payload. The DF-15B missile can carry a single 500 kg conventional warhead. The improved DF-15B features active radar-homing terminal guidance and manoeuvrable re-entry vehicle (MaRV), which increase the missile’s accuracy to CEP 35—50 m. The B model can be identified by four small stabilising fins in the mid-section for corrections during the final phase of the flight. The DF-15B entered service with the PLA around 2008, and was first unveiled to the public during the National Day military parade on 1 October 2009. CEP - 35 (10m IHS Janes)  DF-15C CSS-6 Mod 3 First unveiled in 2013, DF-15C is a variant of the DF-15. This version is designed to strike hardened underground facilities by impacting at a steep trajectory. Distinguished by its rounded nose and extended length, the DF-15C is claimed to possess a maximum range of over 850 kilometers. The DF-15C is similar to the DF-15 in appearance, but features an extended cylindrical-shaped nosecone, which was to house a deep-penetration type warhead designed specifically to attack hardened underground bunkers. Like most of the DF-15 family, the DF-15C is deployed in a vertical position by using TAS5450 or WS-2400 TEL launchers. As of 2017, the DF-15C has yet to be deemed operational.  DF-11 CSS 7 The DF-11 development began in 1985 as China’s first conventionally-armed tactical ballistic missile system. The missile resembles some features of the Soviet/Russian Scud missile family, including the MAZ-543 cross-country 8×8 transporter-erector-launcher (TEL). However, unlike the liquid-fuelled Scud, the DF-11 utilises solid-fuelled propulsion, which is much easier to maintain and requires less preparation time prior to launch. In addition, the missile is believed to be also capable of delivering a variety of conventional warheads such as fuel-air explosive (FAE), sub-munitions, and bunker buster. There have been claims that the DF-11 can also carry a 2 to 20 kT-yield nuclear warhead, but this cannot be validated and appears unlikely. . 700—750 DF-11 missiles and 120—140 launcher systems were deployed, most of which were based near the Taiwan Strait The missile and its 8×8 TEL vehicle were demonstrated to the PLA in 1987, and the first test launch of the missile took place in 1990. The export name of the DF-11 was M-11. DF-11 employs an inertial guidance with terminal radar homing, giving a circular error probability (CEP) of 500 to 600 m. DF-11 can reach a distance of 300km. China curiously silent on a figure for the DF-11. CEP – 500m  DF-11A The development of an improved variant designated DF-11A in 1993 under PLA funding. In addition to extending the range to over 500 km, the DF-11A is highlighted by its greater accuracy achieved by using a combined INS/GPS guidance system. The first test launch of the DF-11A took place on 6 October 1997.The missile certified for design finalisation in 1998, and was commissioned in service in 1999. The DF-11A was designed to provide a conventional long-range firepower that fills the gap in firing-range between artillery rocket systems (50—100 km) and a theatre ballistic missile (over 600 km). The missile has been deployed by both the PLA Group Force (with a missile brigade activated in the Nanjing Military Region in the late 1990s) and the PLA Rocket Force. The missile system can be readied for launch within 5 minutes from the travelling mode. The missile is erected about 15 seconds prior to launch. The TEL vehicle of the DF-11A is equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver using GPS, GLONASS or Beidou signal, which allows the missile to be launched from any location without requiring pre-survey. CEP- 200 m  M20 The M20 is a short-range ballistic missile. It was developed specially for export. This weapon is modeled after the Russian Iskander-E and is being proposed as its alternative. However the Chinese M20 uses containerized missiles and is overall a more versatile system. The launcher vehicle can carry not only ballistic missiles, but also anti-ship missiles and artillery rockets. The M20 has been exported to Qatar. Version of this ballistic missile system is used by Turkey. Also there were plans to produce the M20 missile in Belarus. The M20 is a road mobile system, based on a 8x8 high mobility chassis. The launcher vehicle carries 2 containerized missiles. A couple of different chassis were used, including a Wanshan WS2400 special wheeled chassis. This ballistic missile is fitted with both inertial and satellite guidance systems. Each missile can be targeted independently. The missile can be retargeted in flight. This allows to engage moving targets. This ballistic missile is accurate out to 30-45 meters. This ballistic missile reportedly has built-in countermeasures and is capable of evading hostile missile defense systems. Most likely that in the terminal phase of the flight it excessively maneuvers and releases decoys. In some cases this ballistic missile can be used as an alternative to precision bombing. M20A is a high-precision ballistic missile. This missile is different than the baseline M20. An anti-ship ballistic missile export variant of the M20, called A/MGG-20B (M20B), was unveiled at the 2018 Zhuhai Airshow. Khan is a Turkish license-produced version of the M20. CEP- 30m   DF-12 (CSS-X-15) DF-12 is an improved version of the M20. It was reportedly adopted by the Chinese armed forces in 2013. As far as it is version for the Chinese military, it is not limited by the MTCR restrictions. It has a larger fuel tank and has a range of around 400-600 km. Even though such range is rather short comparing with other China's ballistic missiles, the DF-12 can reach all areas in Taiwan. This missile is nuclear capable. Most likely that the DF-12 has a pinpoint accuracy and is accurate to around 5-10 meters. The DF-12 entered service with China’s People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force in August 2013. Qatar is the only other known operator of the missile, which it first displayed publicly at its National Day celebrations in December 2017. The launch vehicle is equipped with two solid-propellant single-stage all-course guided missiles mounted at the rear of an 8x8 military truck chassis. In firing position, the missiles are erected at the rear of the chassis, and two hydraulically operated outriggers mounted on each side of the truck chassis are deployed to stabilize themselves at the battery launch site. CEP-30m B-611CSS-X-11 B-611 missile and its derivatives are a series of Chinese short-range ballistic weapons (SRBM) first developed in the late 1990s by the China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CPMIEC). Typical targets intended for the B-611 include supply lines, warehouses, missiles sites, battery units, command centers, airfields, transportation hubs, and area targets in urban surroundings.The missile has a maximum range of 150-400 km. The B-611 missile is the follow-on to the earlier Dongfeng-11 (M-11). The missile weighs approximately two tons and is powered by a solid rocket motor. The inertial guidance system with a mechanical gyro, provides an accuracy of Circular error probable (CEP) of 150 meters or better; this can be upgraded with a laser gyro or a fiber-optical gyro based on the customer’s request. When combined with other guidance systems such as that controlled by satellite, accuracy is increased ten-fold. A variety of warheads can be equipped, increasing the versatility of the missile. A typical B-611 battery would include three vehicles, the transporter / erector / launcher (TEL), housing the missile, the communication and command vehicle, and a support vehicle. With the exception of a very limited number in the Chinese military for evaluation purposes, the B-611 has not entered service en masse. Instead, they would later place large orders for the B-611M, the follow-up to the B-611. CEP – 150m  P-12 The P-12 SRBM is a development of the B-611; it made its public debut at the sixth Zhuhai Airshow. The P-12 is a shorter version of the B-611 and is vertically launched. The chassis of the TEL is a cross- country 6 x 6 truck, a total of two missiles are carried in an enclosed compartment in the back of the truck. The short deployment time of the B-611 is inherited by the P-12, despite the number of missiles being carried being doubled. During the launch, the first missile is erected and fired, followed quickly by the second; this can be achieved in a minute. Range of the P-12 is 150 km; its warhead is around 300 kg. A variety of warheads can be selected; the cluster warhead of the P-12 contains a total of nineteen sub-munitions. Designed as a low-cost tactical ballistic missile, the P-12 adopts the same modular design concept inherited from its predecessor, the B-611; this means that sub-systems of the missile can be selected from a wide range of options based on the customers’ requirements. For example, the most basic form of inertial guidance system of the P-12 provide an accuracy of 80 meters or better, but this can be greatly improved to as much as ±2 meters when combined with other measures, such as satellite, radar and optical guidance. Video footage of test firings shown at the seventh Zhuhai Airshow by the developer has revealed that the combined guidance system of the P-12 enables it to hit a target such as an ordinary family house-sized warehouse at its maximum range, but the developer did not reveal the exact types of guidance systems deployed. The P-12 missile has entered Chinese service, along with the B-611M. B-611M A successor to the B-611, the B-611M has been developed for and entered Chinese service, utilizing the experience gained from both the B-611 and P-12 missiles. Its basic performance is similar to that of the B-611, but its firepower is doubled when adopting the same practice as the P-12: putting two missiles on a single TEL. As with the P-12, the two missiles can be erected and launched within a minute - a simultaneous launch is not possible. As with the P-12, the B-611M has some maneuverability at its terminal stage of flight, making it more difficult for the enemy to intercept. It have a 480 kg warhead and a range between 80-260 km. The chassis of the TEL of the B-611M is based on an 8 x 8 cross country truck, (a BeiBen) at Baotou. Two missiles are stored in the compartment in the back, each with its own launcher / storage container, as opposed to the exposed missiles of the P-12, the rectangular launcher / storage containers of the B-611M are filled with nitrogen for added protection from the environment. As with the B-611M and the P-12, the TEL of the B-611M is capable of fighting independently in an emergency. B611MR The B611MR is a semi-ballistic surface-launched anti-radar missile first advertised in 2014. It uses GPS-inertial guidance and wideband passive radar. The missile is capable of flying flattened trajectory and performing pre-programmed maneuvers to reduce the chance of interception. BP-12 The existence of the BP-12 was revealed during the eighth Zhuhai Airshow which had been held at the end of 2010. The BP-12 is the first of the series that branched out of the B-611/P-12 family. In contrast to the B-611/P-12 which adopts inertial guidance, the BP-12 adopts satellite guidance instead. Through GPS, and based on the best accuracy the commercial GPS could provide, the accuracy of the BP-12 was given by the developer as a CEP of 30 meters or better. After entering Chinese service in very limited numbers for evaluation, the missile was further developed into the Type 621. Type 621 The type 621 missile is the first development of the BP-12, which incorporates additional satellite guidance systems such as Glonass and Beidou, (in case GPS is not available). The external visual difference between a BP-12 and a Type 621 is that the missile for the Type 621 is unlike the B-611 where the weapon is exposed; the Type 621 is enclosed in a container that also acts as a transporter / erector. Type 631 The type 631 is a further development of the Type 621; its firepower is doubled when two containers / transporters / erectors are incorporated, a design feature rooted from the B-611M. It is rumored that the Type 631 has a range greater than 400 km. SY 400 The SY-400 is a short-range precision-attack ballistic missile system. It was revealed in 2008. It might use technology of the Raytheon RGM-165 or SM-4. This weapon system is intended for the export market. It is proposed as an alternative to the Russian Iskander-E. China is calling it as a guided artillery rocket system; hence it is not limited by 300 km range export restrictions set by Missile Technology Control Regime. The SY-400 system has 8 containers with solid fuel ballistic missiles. Missiles are factory-fitted into these containers and can be stored for years and do not require additional maintenance. Missiles are launched vertically and have a range of about 400 km. The SY-400 can use different types of warheads. Capable of carrying an HE, fragment, submunition and EMP payload, other sources give this solid fueled SRBM an estimated range of 200km, SY-400 is not purely ballistic missiles since the end of the active segment, there is a very long flight distance, in this period of time, the missile had burn engine, the rudder has no gas for gas deflection, how the error correction produced during this time, only a control surface by air. The vane is only supporting the vertical launch system, gas in the vertical direction after the launch target deflection direction. So after the operation, will be discarded, after which control relis on the air rudder.  Hypersonic Weapons DF-ZF The Chinese military has been pursuing the development of its rocket boosted HGV, the DF-ZF (initially designated WU-14 by the US) since 2010 China has tested the DF-ZF HGV at least nine times since 2014, of which all but one were considered successful. While the Chinese have not officially confirmed the conduct of any of these tests, evidently the US has been tracking them and discussed them in briefings, reports and other writings. All the test launches were performed at the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre, the Chinese military’s main long-range missile testing centre, using a Medium-Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM) launcher and are believed to have achieved speeds between Mach 5 and Mach 10. All followed a linear flight path except the fifth one in August 2015, which included a maneuver that has been projected as either extreme or gentle by different analysts. The DF-ZF could be launched from an ICBM, giving it global coverage. It is not clear whether it will be armed with a nuclear warhead, a non-nuclear warhead, or could accommodate either. U.S. defense officials have reportedly identified the range of the DF-ZF as approximately 2000Km and have stated that the missile may be capable of performing “extreme maneuvers” during flight. Although unconfirmed by intelligence agencies, some analysts believe the DF-ZF will be operational in 2020. The main missile that the HGV is expected to operate with is DF-17, a medium-range ballistic missile designed specifically to operate with the HGV. Other ballistic missiles are expected to be capable of operating with the HGV including the short-range DF-11 and DF-15, and the medium-range DF-21.  Xing Kong-2 China’s “Xingkong-2” currently undergoing trials, is the country’s first waverider hypersonic vehicle with its development starting a year prior to the DF-17. Waverider is flight vehicle that flies in atmosphere and uses shockwaves generated by its own hypersonic flight with air to glide at high speed Beijing successfully tested its Xing Kong-2 HGV on 3 August 2018. It is one of two confirmed Chinese HGV programs, the other being the DF-ZF, the Xingkong-2 is still in the trial phase and more tests are expected. The hypersonic waverider flight vehicle was designed by state-run China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA) in collaboration with China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. It can carry can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads. It has capability to penetrate any current generation anti-missile defence systems due to its high speed and unpredictable trajectory. Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles JL-1 (CSS-N-3) The Ju Lang-1 is China’s first submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), deployed on the Type 092 (‘Xia’ class) nuclear-powered missile submarine. The missile has also been developed into the DF-21 MRBM. As of 2018, the JL-1 and its warheads are believed to have been retired and dismantled. CEP 300-400m  JL-2 (CSS-N 14) JL-2 is a Chinese second-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) deployed on the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) Type 094 submarines. It succeeds the JL-1 SLBM deployed on the Type 092 submarine. Each type 094 SSBN is designed to carry up to 12 JL-2, a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) that is a modified version of the DF-31. Each JL-2 can equip with a single 250-1000kT warhead possibly with, penetration aids, or up to 3-4 MIRVs with 90 kT each. The JL-2 has not been flight-tested to its full range but is thought to have a range of 7,200 km, although US range estimates have varied over the years. The 2017 NASIC report sets the range at 7,000-plus km. The JL-2 was first deployed in 2015. JL 2 SLBM missile is the sea-based variant of the DF-31 land-mobile long-range missile. Development of these missiles was accelerated following the successful test of their common 2m-diameter solid rocket motor in late 1983. This missile astro-inertial navigation system with indigenous Chinese BeiDou satellite navigation system update. It is estimated that this missiles has a CEP of less than 100 m. These submarine-based missiles have a high probability of surviving the first strike. Once on high alert these submarines can leave their bases and operate in China's coastal water, protected by the China's fleet. However the Jin class submarines are not as advanced as the Western ballistic missile submarines, and are inferior to the Russian submarines. China was always dragging behind in terms of submarine technology. These submarines are not as stealthy as the current Western and Russian submarines. These are as noisy as the Russian Delta III class submarines that were adopted back in the mid 1970s. As of 2017, 48 JL-2 launchers are deployed on submarines. CEP-100m  JL 2A Improved variant of JL 2 is JL-2A. According to some reports Type 094B submarines are to be equipped with JL-2A SLBMs with a range of 11,200 kilometres and would thus be able to reach the US without having to leave the protection of their naval base in the South China Sea. Some other variants of JL2 like JL-2B , JL-2C also reported. JL-3 The JL-3 is a Chinese third-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) in development. It will likely deploy on the Type 096, a predicted future class of Chinese ballistic missile submarine. Some sources report that the next generation Type 096 class boats are being built and should begin sea trials in the early 2020s. Also a new JL-3 submarine-launched ballistic missile is being developed for these boats. The missile is solid-fueled and has a reported range of over 9,000 km. Chinese and US sources reports ranges up to 7,400 mi (11,900 km). The JL-3 is expected to carry multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles -warheads capable of targeting numerous separate locations. The first test flight occurred on 24 November 2018 in the Bohai Sea; it was likely a test of the launch tube's cold-launch ejection system. Testing continued through June 2019. An analyst cited by The South China Morning Post stated that it would take until approximately 2025 for China to fully integrate the JL-3 into the Type 096 submarine.The development of the missile has reportedly been separated from work on the Type 096 submarine in order to accelerate its development.It is claimed that this missile has inertial guidance, possibly combined with indigenous BeiDou satellite navigation. It is also claims that during the terminal phase it uses active radar guidance. This missile should be accurate. It is likely that it has a CEP of less than 30 meters. CEP- 30m Anti-ship Ballistic Missile DF-21D The DF-21D was first unveiled in 2012. It evolved from the DF-21C. Externally these missiles and their launchers are very similar. The DF-21D, dubbed a ‘carrier killer’, is an anti-ship variant of the missile with an estimated range of 1,500-1,700 kilometers. The DF-21D was allegedly first test fired in November 2015. Armed with the DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV), a high-speed maneuvering warhead currently under development. DF 21 D is the first dedicated anti-ship ballistic missile in the world and the DF-21D is intended to engage large surface ships, such as US Navy's aircraft carriers and their battle groups. It is claimed that this missiles reached initial operational capability in 2012. Chinese sources report, that the DF-21D has a conventional warhead. However most likely that this ballistic missile carries a nuclear warhead, or even multiple nuclear warheads. It should be capable of attacking not only ships, but cities and military bases as well. China has recently launched a series of satellites to support its ASBM efforts:
Mobile launcher of the DF-21D is based on Wanshan WS2600 special wheeled chassis. Vehicle has 10x8 configurations. It is fitted with a central tyre inflation system, that improves mobility over various types of terrain, such as mud, and and snow. Vehicle has some degree of cross-country mobility. However normally it is intended to be used on hard surface roads. China may have deployed approximately 50 DF 21Ds.  DF-26 The DF-26 is an intermediate-range ballistic missile is based on a DF-21, but has increased range. It has arange of around 3 000 to 4 000 km. It was first publicly revealed in 2015; however in 2013 this ballistic missile was already in operational service.Pentagon claims that 80 DF-26s are now deployed. Unlike the DF-4 and DF-31, however, the DF- 26 is thought to be dual-capable and more accurate, and so could also be used to target aircraft carriers with conventional warheads, prompting some media sources to dub it the “Carrier Killer”, a name previously also given to the DF-21D anti-ship missile. Chinese analysts claim that the missile’s upgraded control surfaces and guidance system will provide it with the necessary capability to target ships at sea. The dual-capable role of the DF-26 (and also the DF-21) raises some thorny issues about command and control and the potential form is understandings in a crisis. Preparations to launch or the actual launch of a DF-26 with a conventional warhead against a US base in the region could potentially be misinterpreted as a launch of a nuclear weapons and trigger nuclear escalation (or even preemption). The DF-26 missile also reportedly has serious accuracy limitations: a 2015 report by IHS Jane’s assesses its current circular error probable (CEP) at intermediate range to be 150–450 meters, while China’s DF-15B short-range ballistic missile, for example, is reported to have a CEP of 5–10 meters as a precision guided weapon. Practically, this means that many more launches would be required to achieve the same degree of confidence in inflicting damage, pending the improvement of the sensor systems on the missile and the space-based systems providing pre- and post-strike intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and position, navigation, and timing data. CM 401 The CM-401 missile is a new type of high-altitude ballistic anti-ship missile. It adopts near-space trajectory and can carry out full-range hypersonic maneuvering, terminal subduction, high-speed top impact and various platform launches. Mainly used to quickly and accurately attack large and medium-sized ships and ships, formations and port targets. The CM-401 is not only single-shot, but also can use multiple missiles. A variety of flight ballistic combinations enhance the missile's penetration capability, making the shipboard anti-missile interception system unpredictable. The CM-401 is guided by a radar seeker that can track surface ships or use synthetic aperture (SAR) to image the ground to attack ground facilities such as ports. This maneuverability also allows the warhead to attack large, relatively slow moving targets such as aircraft carriers and other major surface warships and logistics ships. A cross-sectional view of the simulated CM-401 missile exhibited by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) in Zhuhai shows that there is a phased array radar at the front end of the warhead so that the warhead can actively target these types of targets in its final stage. CM 401 has a minimum range of around nine miles and a maximum range of just over 180 miles. CM-401 has a skip-glide” trajectory that involves the warhead abruptly pulling up at least once as it begins the terminal stage of its flight. This maneuver could extend the range of a ballistic weapon, but has only ever been used to give the warhead a much more irregular flight path and allow it to adjust its course.   Air Launched Ballistic Missile CH AS X 13 Air launched ballistic missile version of DF 21 carried by H-6K. the 3000Km Range Missile Is scheduled for deployment in 2025
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